Abstract
This study numerically investigates the aerodynamic effects of deformation on three-dimensional low aspect ratio wings engaged in hover kinematics. The immersed-boundary finite-volume method is used to solve the Navier–Stokes equations. Deformations are actively prescribed and are represented as deflections about axes that transect the rectangular planform. Two distinct deformation modes associated with tip and root deflection are explored, in addition to a rigid wing counterpart. Variation of the phase between deflection and flapping enables mimicry of a range of wing behavior observed in nature. It is found the introduction of root or tip deflection can increase efficiency by as much as 19.5% or 19.0% respectively. The development of vortical structures about the wing is investigated. It is shown that while the rotational axis of the leading-edge vortex is insensitive to deformation, the shape and orientation of cores of the vortex is modified.
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