Illumination normalization using fuzzy filter in DCT domain for face recognition

Abstract

We develop a new approach of illumination normalization for face recognition under varying lighting conditions. The effect of illumination variations is in decreasing order over low-frequency discrete cosine transform (DCT) coefficients. The proposed approach is expected to nullify the effect of illumination variations as well as to preserve the low-frequency details of a face image in order to achieve a good recognition performance. This has been accomplished by using a fuzzy filter applied over the low-frequency DCT (LFDCT) coefficients. The ‘simple classification technique’ (k-nearest neighbor classification) is used to establish the performance improvement by present approach of illumination normalization under high and unpredictable illumination variations. Our fuzzy filter based illumination normalization approach achieves zero error rate on Yale face database B (named as Yale B database in this work) and CMU PIE database. An excellent performance is achieved on extended Yale B database. The present approach of illumination normalization is also tested on Yale face database which comprises of illumination variations together with expression variations and misalignment. Significant reduction in the error rate is achieved by the present approach on this database as well. These results establish the superiority of the proposed approach of illumination normalization, over the existing ones.