Abstract
Human noroviruses (HuNoVs) are a major cause of gastroenteritis and are associated with high morbidity because of their ability to survive in the environment and small inoculum size required for infection. Norovirus is transmitted through water, food, high touch-surfaces, and human-to-human contact. Ultraviolet Subtype C (UVC) light-emitting diodes (LEDs) can disrupt the norovirus transmission chain for water, food, and surfaces. Here, we illuminate considerations to be adhered to when picking norovirus surrogates for disinfection studies and shine light on effective use of UVC for norovirus infection control in water and air and validation for such systems and explore the blind spot of radiation safety considerations when using UVC disinfection strategies. This perspective also discusses the promise of UVC for norovirus mitigation to save and ease life.
Highlights
Organisms, and Radiation SafetyNoroviruses (NoVs), belonging to family Caliciviridae, are positive-sense, singlestranded RNA viruses [1]
Previous investigation has revealed that persons with blood group O phenotype are more likely to be infected with human noroviruses (HuNoVs), whereas those with B histo-blood group antigen have reduced risk of infection and disease symptom progression [58]
murine norovirus (MNV) is less sensitive to Ultraviolet Subtype C (UVC) than feline calicivirus (FCV) and genetically closer to HuNoVs based on PCR studies [12,87]
Summary
Noroviruses (NoVs), belonging to family Caliciviridae, are positive-sense, singlestranded RNA viruses [1]. In the USA, norovirus gastroenteritis caused by HuNoV accounts for an estimated 56,000–71,000 hospitalizations and an average of 570–800 deaths per year [11] To put it into perspective, in the USA, the HuNoV is associated with 20 times more gastroenteritis cases than any enteric pathogen [12]. The genetic, biological, antigenic, and antigen binding diversity, virulence, and stability in the environment of the HuNoVs make prevention difficult even for the developed countries [20,21]. Additional disinfection strategies, such as the use of UVC, will go a long way towards reducing infections and mortalities due to HuNoV.
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