Il capitale sociale familiare in prospettiva relazionale: come definirlo, misurarlo e sussidiarlo

One important form of social capital is family social capital, which is mainly the relationship among family members in family business. In this dissertation, we utilize two perspectives of innovativeness and network mobilization to study the relationship between family social capital and firm performance. In the first study, we examine family social capital as a multidimensional construct, and study the relationship between the three aspects of structural, cognitive, and relational family social capital. The relationship between relational social capital and performance is studied through the lens of network mobilization, and the model investigates how family firm identity alters this relationship, and the relationship between structural and cognitive social capital. In the second study, we examine the relationship between family social capital and performance through an innovativeness perspective. Also, environmental munificence and family involvement are predicted to respectively moderate the relationship between innovativeness and firm performance, and the relationship between family social capital and firm performance. Analyzing a sample of 267 small private US family firms, strong support was found for our hypotheses. We find that structural family social capital and cognitive family social capital have a positive relationship with relational family social capital. Also as predicted, network mobilization is shown to mediate the relationship between relational social capital and firm performance. Further, family firm identity is shown to positively moderate the relationship between structural social capital and cognitive social capital, and also the relationship between relational social capital and network mobilization. Results of study 2 indicate that family social capital is positively related to firm performance, and innovativeness positively mediates this relationship. Further, in this study, environmental munificence is shown to positively moderate the relationship between innovativeness and firm performance. This dissertation has several theoretical, practical, and methodological implications. It expands our understanding of the importance of network mobilization and innovativeness in family firm’s success. It helps family business owners and managers to recognize the importance of environment and family variables. This dissertation offers new insights for the family social capital literature and highlights the importance of studying the effect of family social capital on performance through different perspectives.

Contents: Introductory Material Preface and Acknowledgements Introduction and Overview Social Capital and Family Business Ritch L. Sorenson PART I: UNDERSTANDING THE ELEMENTS OF FAMILY SOCIAL CAPITAL Introduction Part 1 1. The Central Role of Trust in Family Firm Social Capital Allison W. Pearson and Jon C. Carr 2. The Trust Paradox of Family Businesses Tom Hubler 3. Building Ethics in Families and Business Ken E. Goodpaster 4. An Early Warning System for Family Conflict Katherine Hayes Summary of Dialogue: Observations about Trust and Ethics in Family Business Trina S. Smith PART II: CO-CONSTRUCTING FAMILY SOCIAL CAPITAL Introduction to Part II 5. Family Social Capital as Family Business Resilience Capacity Sharon M. Danes and Kathryn Stafford 6. Building Trust in Advising Family Businesses Margaret A.T. Cronin 7. Family Rituals, Communication, and Family Social Capital: An Exploration of Meaning-making Carol J. Bruess and Anna Kudak 8. Creating Family and Business Social Capital: A Co-investigation with a Daughter and Granddaughter Ritch L. Sorenson in collaboration with an anonymous daughter and granddaughter Summary of Dialogue: Using Communication and Family Practices to Develop Social Capital Trina S. Smith PART III: COMPLEMENTING SOCIAL CAPITAL IN FAMILY AND BUSINESS Introduction Part III 9. Leveraging Family Member Capacity in Family Businesses Teresa J. Rothausen and Ritch L. Sorenson 10. Our Family Enterprise Terri McEnaney 11. Putting Family in Family Business: The Role of the Chief Emotional Officer Angela Pritchard 12. The Family as an Internal and External Resource to the Firm: The Importance of Building Family Firm Identity Kimberly Eddleston 13. Reclaiming our Identity as a Business-owning Family Sylvia Shepard Summary of Dialogue: Leveraging the Family-business Identity to Access Family and Business Resources Trina S. Smith Concluding Materials Summary and Conclusion: Social Capital in Business Families Ritch L. Sorenson Recommendations for Building Family Social Capital Ritch L. Sorenson, William Monson and Trina S. Smith Appendix A Conference Participant Biographies Appendix B The Structured Dialogue Process Ritch L. Sorenson Appendix C Summary of Comments from Owner, Advisor, Family Member, and Research Breakout Groups Trina S. Smith and Ritch L. Sorenson References

Editorial: Bourdieu, capitals and health

The aim of this article is to pinpoint the relevance of family relationships in the studies on ‘social capital’. In order to clarify this perspective, Pierpaolo Donati outlines a new approach called ‘relational approach’. According to it, social capital is a property and a quality of social relationships, not an attribute of individuals or social structures as such. This theory has two major advantages: first, it leads to differentiate those components of social capital which are usually conflated; second, it permits to identify various forms of social capital (primary, secondary-communitarian and civic or generalized). Riccardo Prandini criticizes the sociological prejudices which consider the family mainly as an obstacle for the full deployment of ‘liquid’ and ‘modern’ social relations. The family's social capital is defined as the reciprocal orientations of the family's members which are able to generate trust and therefore cooperative actions. Empirical evidence shows that the family's social capital is strictly connected to the emergence of pro-social attitudes in individuals, particularly in terms of social trust and participation in civil associations.

The basic characteristic that distinguishes family firms from other businesses is the influence of family relationships on the business. Family relationships are a collective good within family firms, and family social capital are located in their relationships with each other. Accordingly, the greater degree of family social capital can has the greater influence of family relationships on the business. The purpose of this study is to introduce social capital theory to understand what is family social capital, and what is the constitute elements of family social capital. Toward these aims, the article reviews some recent researches to help clarify components of family social capital, which has received considerable attention in the growing literature on family firm. After reviewing literature in family businesses, this study finds that the heart of family social capital is moral infrastructure, which provides and forms the basis for family values, norms, obligations, and expectations that guide interactions among members that help to maintain agreements and sustain collective trust. As time passes, this moral infrastructure can enhance the strength of family social capital. The influence of family relationship on family business is thus enhanced.

Academic motivation consists of reward-based extrinsic motivation and curiosity-based intrinsic motivation. Students studying at university or college develop several new social connections with friends, classmates, and teachers, in addition to their family and community. Belonging to their networks, students acquire opinions, appreciation, trust, and norms of the society. Whether those social connections enhance the motivation of university students for academic work is a question yet to be answered in the context of health profession education in Japan. Judo-therapist education is a form of health profession education in Japan. This study aimed to measure the academic motivation and social capital (SC) of judo-therapist students in Japan, and to find the relation between social capital and academic motivation. This cross-sectional study recruited a total of 2247 students applying multi-stage sampling across Japan. A Japanese version Academic Motivation Scale (AMS) measured the learning motivation in three constructs: (1) intrinsic motivation (IM); (2) extrinsic motivation (EM); and (3) amotivation (alpha 0.94). A newly-developed 46-itemed, 4-pointed scale measured social capital (SC) in five constructs: (1) family relations, (2) on-campus friends, (3) off-campus friends, (4) classroom social capital; and (5) regional social capital (alpha 0.85). Robust regression analysis treated all constructs of SC as independent variables and IM and EM as dependent variables respectively in the three models. Among the average level of constructs, the family SC average level was the highest. Classroom SC was less than family SC and community SC was the lowest. Intrinsic motivation is positively influenced by classroom SC the most, followed by family SC, on-campus friends’ SC, and community SC. Extrinsic motivation is positively influenced by classroom SC the most, followed by family SC, on-campus friends’ SC, and community SC. Amotivation is negatively influenced by social capital constructs except external friends’ SC. In conclusion, social connections have the power to enhance the motivation of university students’ academic work within health profession education. The relations, trust and bonds developed in the classroom may allow an adult learner’s motivation to evolve into autonomous intrinsic motivation and prevent amotivation.

The present study examined the moderating role of family social capital in the relationship between community-based cognitive social capital and depressive symptoms among community-dwelling older adults in urban China. Cross-sectional data were derived from a community survey conducted in Suzhou, China, in late 2015. Data from 441 respondents were included in the final analysis. Multiple group analysis was used to test the hypotheses. The latent construct of community-based cognitive social capital was based on trust and reciprocity indicators. Measurement invariance was established across groups with high or low family social capital. The results show that family social capital had a moderation effect on the relationship between community-based cognitive social capital and depressive symptoms. The effects of community-based cognitive social capital on depressive symptoms were higher among those with low family social capital. The findings demonstrate the interplay between family and community-based cognitive social capital. Policy and intervention implications are discussed.

Using data from the Korean Educational Longitudinal Study of 2005–2007, the current study investigated the role of family and school social capital in students’ academic achievement in South Korea. Results showed that while some forms of family and school social capital were associated with increased math achievement, the effect of family social capital was greater than that of school social capital. Results also suggested that similar to parents who play a key role in shaping social capital at home, teachers may play an important role in building ecological school social capital such as collective school norms, which was found to affect students’ academic achievement. In addition, results found some interaction effects between family social capital and school social capital. Specifically, collective school norms were found to compensate the deficiency of parental involvement in school, while student–teacher relationships and academic emphasis had boosting effects with parental educational expectation on students’ academic achievement. Features of Korean education related to the distinctive role of family and school social capital in students’ academic achievement and policy implications were discussed.

The effect of family and neighbourhood social capital on youth mental health in South Africa

To understand the status of mental health among left-behind children in rural area and to explore its relationship with social capital. A sample of 1 031 left behind children, aged 10-18 years, was randomly selected from six schools of two townships in Macheng city of Hubei province where large number of rural parents were working in the urban area. Data from a cross-sectional survey was collected among the sampled students from primary, middle and high schools, using self-designed questionnaires which targeting the 'left-behind' condition and social capital Mental Health Inventory of Middle-School Students (MMHI-60). Chi-square test was used to compare the differences in mental health among different groups. Spearman correlation and logistical regression analysis were applied to assess the relationship between social capital and mental health. The prevalence of mental problems was 54.12%. Results from linear χ² test indicated that the detection rates of mental problems were parallel with the monthly pocket money and the reduction in the frequency of contacting migrant father/mother (P < 0.01). Results from the multiple logistic regression analysis indicated that students who were senior(OR = 2.410-2.682, P < 0.001), and who reported not caring about their parents (OR = 2.048-2.420, P < 0.001)were at increased risks for mental health problems. After controlling the demographic characteristics and conditions of staying relevant factors, family social capital(OR = 0.845, 95%CI:0.801-0.891), neighborhood social capital (OR = 0.867, 95%CI:0.826-0.910)and school social capital(OR = 0.893, 95%CI:0.863-0.923) were all associated with declined risks of mental health problems, in which the family social capital was the most important one. The prevalence of mental health problems was high among the left-behind children in rural area. Much attention should be paid to assist these children in improving their mental health status. One promising approach appeared to be improving social capitals which would include family social capital, neighborhood social capital, and school social capital to assist these children from avoiding mental health problems.

PurposeThe purpose of this paper is to adopt a collective perspective in the study of entrepreneurial decision-making processes and empirically analyse the ways in which social relationships between family members can shape their collective entrepreneurial decision-making behaviour (ED).Design/methodology/approachThis paper considers the family social capital (FSC) in inducing overall conformity to the focal family member's decision to exploit an opportunity. In terms of the seminal construct of social capital, the authors propose three FSC dimensions that can be used to induce conformity: structural, relational and cognitive dimensions. Then, the authors design questionnaires to collect data pertaining to the relationships between the family members' ED and the FSC. Finally, the authors collect 152 valid questionnaires from Chinese family firms.FindingsThe data analysis consists of two parts. The first section of this paper analyses conformity by testing the discriminant validity of models. Regression analysis is then used to test the relationship between family members' ED and the FSC. Significant relationships between the cognitive dimension of FSC and the entrepreneur's decision-making are found.Originality/valueThe research contributes towards academic literature concerning both entrepreneurship and social capital. On the one hand, this paper is one of the rare pieces of entrepreneurial research that responds to the call for the study of entrepreneurship from a collective perspective. On the other hand, our study quantitatively tests the impact of FSC at a multidimensional level. It provides conclusions regarding the social influence of other family members and provides insights into social capital by studying entrepreneurship from a social/community perspective.

Social capital refers to the effective functioning of social groups through networks of relationships. The lockdown measures due to coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) may change the social capital among youths. This study aimed to evaluate changes in social capital before and during COVID-19 lockdown among Chinese youths. It was based on the online COVID-19 Impact on Lifestyle Change Survey (COINLICS) conducted among 10 540 youths at three educational levels, including high/vocational school, undergraduate, and graduate, before and during COVID-19 lockdown. Measures of perceptions of social capital were adapted from a validated Chinese version of Health-related Social Capital Measurement based on youths' characteristics of living and studying environment. Social capital was measured at four dimensions, including individual social capital (ISC), family social capital (FSC), community social capital (CSC), and society social capital (SSC). Overall, compared to before lockdown, ISC and CSC scores decreased, while FSC and SSC scores increased during lockdown. When stratified by educational levels, the trends for each dimension of social capital were consistent with the overall population. There were 43.9%, 5.7%, 32.1%, and 3.7% of the participants showing decreased scores during lockdown for ISC, FSC, CSC, and SSC, respectively, while 7.2%, 24.0%, 15.3%, and 10.7% of participants showed increased scores for ISC, FSC, CSC, and SSC, respectively. Our timely, large-scale study showed decreased social capital in individual and community dimensions and increased social capital in family and society dimensions during lockdown.

This study attempts to explore the impact of multi-dimensional social capital and resilience on migrant children’s social integration, in China so as to provide theoretical and practical implications for social policies and social work intervention toward Chinese migrant children. A total of 461 valid samples from primary schools of Guangzhou were surveyed for analysis. By running three regression models, the direct and indirect effects of family, school, and community social capital were observed. Besides, the mediation effect of the resilience was estimated. In order to confirm the mediation effect of the resilience, the Bootstrap method was used to examine the mediating effect of the resilience. The results showed resilience is the most influential factor, followed by three forms of social capital, family social capital, school social capital, community social capital. In addition, length of time living in Guangzhou, self-efficacy, the frequency of engaging in activities provided by social workers, and average monthly household income were significant factors. It is worth noting that three forms of social capitals have a direct impact on social integration, and they also affect social integration through the mediating role of the resilience. Further research can examined the causal relationship amongst the integration, social capital and resilience of migrant children by collecting longitudinal data or panel data. Moreover, future research could investigate how welfare policies and social work practice improve social integration of migrant children through effecting both their social capital and individual resilience.

This study examined the effects of social capital, self-efficacy, and resilience on youth prosocial involvement. The investigation was based on a comparative sample of senior middle-school students, including 571 from families with economic disadvantages as the poor group and 1047 without these disadvantages as the non-poor group. The results from the multiple-group structural equation modeling suggest that among family, school, peer, and community social capital, only school social capital has a significant direct effect on prosocial involvement. In addition, community social capital could only indirectly affect prosocial involvement for the poor group, and family social capital could only indirectly affect prosocial involvement for the non-poor group, through self-efficacy and resilience. Compared with self-efficacy, resilience was found to be a more effective mediator between social capital variables and adolescent prosocial involvement. Most of the paths are similar for the poor and the non-poor groups; however, family social capital shows a stronger effect for the poor group, and school social capital has a stronger effect for the non-poor group. These findings have critical implications for theory, practice, and future research.

&lt;p class="apa"&gt;Resources from multiple social contexts influence students’ educational aspiration. In the field of social capital a neglected issue is how students obtain social capital from varying contexts and which contexts benefit them more to shape their future educational plan which consequently affects their level of aspiration. In this study, we aim to examine whether the students’ social capital, which is created by their families, has an extensive effect in shaping their educational aspiration compared to the social capital which is created in schools. We use the information collected from 553 students, their parents and 225 teachers from 12 selected secondary schools in Bangladesh. We conduct a series of multiple linear regression analyses to estimate the influence of family social capital and school social capital on the dependent variable of educational aspiration. To compare the effect size of family social capital and school social capital we consider the standardized Beta (β) weights of these two variables. The results show that beyond the socio-economic status, both family social capital and school social capital positively affect students’ educational aspiration. In addition, when we compare the effect size of these two variables, results show that family social capital has more strength compared to school social capital to predict the educational aspiration outcome of students.&lt;/p&gt;