Abstract
Innate lymphoid cells (ILCs) are mainly composed of natural killer (NK) cells and helper-like lymphoid cells, which play a vital role in maintaining tissue homeostasis, enhancing adaptive immunity and regulating tissue inflammation. Alteration of the distribution and function of ILCs subgroups are closely related to the pathogenesis of inflammatory diseases and cancers. Interleukin-10 (IL-10) is a highly pleiotropic cytokine, and can be secreted by several cell types, among of which ILCs are recently verified to be a key source of IL-10. So far, the stable production of IL-10 can only be observed in certain NK subsets and ILC2s. Though the regulatory mechanisms for ILCs to produce IL-10 are pivotal for understanding ILCs and potential intervenes of diseases, which however is largely unknown yet. The published studies show that ILCs do not share exactly the same mechanisms for IL-10 production with helper T cells. In this review, the molecular mechanisms regulating IL-10 production in NK cells and ILC2s are discussed in details for the first time, and the role of IL-10-producing ILCs in diseases such as infections, allergies, and cancers are summarized.
Highlights
The Innate lymphoid cells (ILCs) family consists of natural killer (NK) cells, helper-like lymphoid cells (ILC1s, ILC2s, ILC3s, and lymphoid tissue inducer (LTi) cells) [1]
IL-10 can be expressed by many cell types, ILCs are a new source of IL-10 production
This article elaborates on the various molecular mechanisms that are currently known or suggest to regulate the production of IL-10 by NK cells and ILC2s, and their roles in diseases
Summary
The Innate lymphoid cells (ILCs) family consists of natural killer (NK) cells, helper-like lymphoid cells (ILC1s, ILC2s, ILC3s, and lymphoid tissue inducer (LTi) cells) [1]. In addition to LTi cells, helper-like ILCs have been reported to have the ability to produce IL-10 under certain conditions, suggesting that IL-10 production is not a unique feature of NK cells. We will summarize the molecular mechanisms regulating the expression of IL-10 in helper-like ILCs and NK cells, and the significance of these IL10-producing ILCs in immunity and inflammation.
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