IgG as a marker of cell lineage of preimplantation mouse embryos

Abstract

Laminar mixed convection for a horizontal semicircular duct depends on fluid type (Pr), heat flux level (Gr+) and the orientation of the cross section of the duct with respect to the gravity vector. The latter is a factor because the pattern of cross-stream flow varies as the duct changes its cross-sectional orientation. The effects of orientation were studied by keeping the duct cross section fixed and by rotating the gravitational force to any desired orientation. Mixed convection heat transfer performances were numerically investigated over a complete round of rotation with 45° increments. Nusselt number and friction factor (fRe) were determined at Prandtl number of 4 over modified Grashof numbers up to 107 for each orientation. Both Nusselt number and fRe were highest at two oriented locations; viz, where the flat wall is vertical and where the flat wall faces downward 45°. For a horizontal flat wall, either facing upward or downward, the cross-stream flow is symmetric and Nu was the lowest of the group, up to 20% lower than the highest one. For symmetric orientations, it was also found that the cross-stream flow pattern bifurcated from the typical two-cell pattern to a four-cell pattern with a small improvement in Nusselt number. When the flat wall faced 45° upward, Nu and fRe were moderate. All non-symmetric orientations showed superior performances over the symmetric orientations. It is also shown that the present predicted results for Nu and fRe compare reasonably well to our experimental results.