Abstract
Influenza is a highly contagious viral respiratory disease that affects millions of people worldwide each year. Annual vaccination is recommended by the World Health Organization to reduce influenza severity and limit transmission through elicitation of antibodies targeting mainly the hemagglutinin glycoprotein of the influenza virus. Antibodies elicited by current seasonal influenza vaccines are predominantly strain-specific. However, continuous antigenic drift by circulating influenza viruses facilitates escape from pre-existing antibodies requiring frequent reformulation of the seasonal influenza vaccine. Traditionally, immunological responses to influenza vaccination have been largely focused on IgG antibodies, with almost complete disregard of other isotypes. In this report, young adults (18–34 years old) and elderly (65–85 years old) subjects were administered the split inactivated influenza vaccine for 3 consecutive seasons and their serological IgA and IgG responses were profiled. Moreover, correlation analysis showed a positive relationship between vaccine-induced IgA antibody titers and traditional immunological endpoints, exposing vaccine-induced IgA antibodies as an important novel immune correlate during influenza vaccination.
Highlights
Since the great influenza pandemic of 1918 (Spanish flu), we have struggled to prevent influenza virus infection and transmission
All vaccine formulations are based on World Health Organization recommendations for the Northern Hemisphere influenza seasons beginning in the Fall (Figure 1), and as such, all vaccinations and sample collections occurred each year between September 1st and December 15th
To better understand the serological response to recurrent in the commercially licensed splitvirion (IIV) vaccination with antigenically similar vaccine strains, the serological IgA antibody titers were quantified against the H1N1 HA vaccine component (A/California/07/09) in young and elderly subjects vaccinated over three consecutive northern hemisphere influenza seasons (2014 to 2016) (Figure 2A)
Summary
Since the great influenza pandemic of 1918 (Spanish flu), we have struggled to prevent influenza virus infection and transmission. The first influenza monovalent vaccines developed in the 1930s were quickly updated in the 1940s to include an influenza B strain and later to a trivalent formulation with a second IAV strain [3]. In this century, the trivalent inactivated vaccine (TIV) was again updated to a quadrivalent (QIV) formulation with inclusion of a second IBV strain to cover the independently evolving IBV lineages [4,5,6]
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