Abstract
The overarching structure of the type I interferon (IFN) system is conserved across vertebrates. However, the variable numbers of whole genome duplication events during fish evolution offer opportunities for the expansion, diversification, and new functionalization of the genes that are involved in antiviral immunity. In this review, we examine how fish models provide new insights about the implication of virus-driven inflammation in immunity and hematopoiesis. Mechanisms that have been discovered in fish, such as the strong adjuvant effect of type I IFN that is used with DNA vaccination, constitute good models to understand how virus-induced inflammatory mechanisms can interfere with adaptive responses. We also comment on new discoveries regarding the role of pathogen-induced inflammation in the development and guidance of hematopoietic stem cells in zebrafish. These findings raise issues about the potential interferences of viral infections with the establishment of the immune system. Finally, the recent development of genome editing provides new opportunities to dissect the roles of the key players involved in the antiviral response in fish, hence enhancing the power of comparative approaches.
Highlights
IntroductionMost of the basic features of the immunity processes are conserved across vertebrates, but the anatomical and physiological fundamental differences between fish and tetrapods make comparative analysis interesting, as it reveals many specific adaptations and original mechanisms
Most of the basic features of the immunity processes are conserved across vertebrates, but the anatomical and physiological fundamental differences between fish and tetrapods make comparative analysis interesting, as it reveals many specific adaptations and original mechanisms.Type I and type II interferons (IFN) have been described in fish [1,2,3]
Inflammation induced by type I IFN, or independently by viral infection, has critical impacts on the activation of adaptive immunity and hematopoiesis
Summary
Most of the basic features of the immunity processes are conserved across vertebrates, but the anatomical and physiological fundamental differences between fish and tetrapods make comparative analysis interesting, as it reveals many specific adaptations and original mechanisms. Even in fish species in which type I IFN are relatively well described such as Atlantic salmon, rainbow trout, and zebrafish, the specific functions of genes or subtypes remain elusive. Most functional studies of IFN antiviral activity have been performed in vitro using fish cell lines, and only a few studies have compared different type I IFN in vivo. The in vivo characterization of type I interferon activity constitutes a major challenge to better understanding fish/virus interactions, identifying IFN producing cell subtypes, and obtaining an integrated view of the fish IFN contribution to antiviral defenses. The work performed on cell lines has completely overlooked the role of IFN in the interaction between innate and adaptive antiviral responses, as well as all its potential functions in development, cell differentiation, and regulation of the cell cycle. We present the recent development in genome editing, especially those based on CRISPR/cas technologies and their contribution to the understanding of antiviral mechanisms in fish
Sign-in/Register to view highlights & summary Talk to us
Join us for a 30 min session where you can share your feedback and ask us any queries you have
Schedule a callDisclaimer: All third-party content on this website/platform is and will remain the property of their respective owners and is provided on "as is" basis without any warranties, express or implied. Use of third-party content does not indicate any affiliation, sponsorship with or endorsement by them. Any references to third-party content is to identify the corresponding services and shall be considered fair use under The CopyrightLaw.
