Abstract
Within the Central Rocky Mountains, spruce beetle populations have the potential to rapidly transition from endemic to epidemic levels in the spruce-fir (Engelmann spruce and subalpine fir) forest type. Conventional management has focused on creating resistance to spruce beetle outbreaks by manipulating the overstory density and composition. Three silvicultural treatments, single tree selection, group selection, and shelterwood with reserves, were established in a spruce-fir forest in northern Utah with the goals of increasing both resistance and resilience to outbreaks. Resistance and resilience metrics were explicitly defined. Pre-harvest and two post-harvest measurements were used to assess how the different silvicultural treatments influenced the metrics. The shelterwood with reserves was the only treatment to meet both the resistance and resilience criteria. This treatment, while not traditionally used, created a stand structure and composition that will be most resilient to climate induced increases in spruce beetle caused tree mortality. However, there will be a trade-off in composition and structure, especially Engelmann spruce, after a spruce beetle epidemic because the created structure is more uniform with fewer groups and gaps than commonly observed in spruce-fir forests. With changing climatic conditions, proactive forest management, such as the shelterwood with reserves in the spruce-fir forest type, is the best method for increasing short-term resistance and long-term resilience to spruce beetle outbreaks.
Highlights
Increasing global temperatures, expected changes in the hydrological system, increasing probability of extreme events, and changing land use patterns will influence the management of forest systems [1,2,3,4]
In western North America, the time for a spruce beetle to complete its life cycle is expected to decrease with warming temperatures, having potentially devastating effects on western spruce forests [10]
There was a wider range of diameters of Engelmann spruce among the single tree selection and the group selection (Figure 3C,D)
Summary
Increasing global temperatures, expected changes in the hydrological system, increasing probability of extreme events, and changing land use patterns will influence the management of forest systems [1,2,3,4]. Recent destructive insect outbreaks have occurred across Europe (spruce bark beetle (Ips typographus) in Norway spruce (Picea abies (L.) Karsten.) [6]. Western North America (spruce beetle (Dendroctonus rufipennis) in Engelmann spruce (Picea engelmannii Parry ex Engelm.)) [7,8,9]. In western North America, the time for a spruce beetle to complete its life cycle is expected to decrease with warming temperatures, having potentially devastating effects on western spruce forests [10]. The spruce beetle is a native insect endemic to spruce forests across North America [7]. Spruce beetles live and breed in recently windthrown trees. Alexander [12] recommended the removal of any large diameter Engelmann spruce trees that have fallen due to their increased susceptibility to a spruce beetle attack. Effective removal of down trees can lessen future beetle impacts in many different spruce forest types [12,13,14]
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