Abstract
Background IE as a field studies systems that consist of a myriad of interconnected environmental, social, economic and technical systems. People, machines, organization, the bio-geo-chemical environment, infrastructures, markets, laws and habits form a complex adaptive socio-technical system, evolving through constant parallel and distributed interaction of heterogeneous social and technical elements. Understanding and shaping this evolution is essential if we are to rise to the challenges of climate change, resource scarcity, population growth and world peace. These system can be characterized as Complex Adaptive Systems, which John H. Holland [8] defines as:
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