Abstract
Numerical identity must be distinguished from qualitative identity. Numerical identity is an equivalence relation satisfying Leibniz's Law. Leibniz's Law, to which there are no genuine counterexamples, must be distinguished from the principle of substitutivity, to which there are. Satisfaction of the formal properties of identity do not provide a guarantee that a predicate expresses identity. On this fact is based the debate about relative identity. Criteria of identity provide us with the means of recognizing identity. Criteria of identity for objects may be one- or two-level. Controversies on the topic of identity concern identity over time, contingent identity, and indeterminate identity.
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