Identifying weak foci and centers in the Maxwell–Bloch system

Abstract

In this paper we identify weak foci and centers in the Maxwell–Bloch system, a three dimensional quadratic system whose three equilibria are all possible to be of center-focus type. Applying irreducible decomposition and the isolation of real roots in computation of algebraic varieties of Lyapunov quantities on an approximated center manifold, we prove that at most 6 limit cycles arise from Hopf bifurcations and give conditions for exact number of limit cycles near each weak focus. Further, applying algorithms of computational commutative algebra we find Darboux polynomials and give some center manifolds in closed form globally, on which we identify equilibria to be centers or singular centers by integrability and time-reversibility on a center manifold. We prove that those centers are of at most second order.