Identifying toxic mechanisms using DNA microarrays: evidence that an experimental inhibitor of cell adhesion molecule expression signals through the aryl hydrocarbon nuclear receptor

Abstract

Microarray analysis of gene expression has become a powerful approach for exploring the biological effects of drugs and other chemicals. In toxicology research, gene expression profiling may help identify hazards by comparing results for an experimental compound with a database, and establish mechanistic hypotheses through examination of discrete gene changes. Here we examine the hepatic effects of a thienopyridine inhibitor of NF-κB-mediated expression of cellular adhesion proteins. In a 3-day toxicity study in Sprague–Dawley rats, A-277249 induced hypertrophy of the liver and elevated serum levels of alanine aminotransferase (ALT), aspartate aminotransferase (AST) and alkaline phosphatase (ALP). To investigate mechanism, microarray analysis was done on RNA from livers of A-277249-treated rats. Gene expression profiles from A-277249 were compared with a database of profiles from fifteen known hepatotoxins. Agglomerative hierarchical cluster analysis showed A-277249 to have a profile most similar to the aromatic hydrocarbons Aroclor 1254 and 3-methylcholanthrene (3MC), two known activators of the aryl hydrocarbon nuclear receptor (AhR). Several genes regulated by the AhR, including cytochrome P450 1A1, were upregulated by A-277249. In addition, several genes involved in apoptosis and cell cycle were differentially expressed consistent with cell turnover, hypertrophy and hyperplasia observed by histology. Results from this study indicate that A-277249 hepatic toxicity is mediated by the AhR either directly or through effects on NF-κB, and demonstrate the utility of microarray analysis for the rapid identification of toxic hazards for new chemical entities.