Identifying the Neurogenetic Framework of Crohn's Disease Through Investigative Analysis of the Nucleotide-binding Oligomerization Domain-containing Protein 2 Gene Mutation.

Md Sakibuzzaman,Mahabuba Akhter,Syed Ahmad Moosa,Khandokar A Talib,Ipsita Hamid Trisha

doi:10.7759/cureus.5680

Abstract

Among several inflammatory bowel diseases, Crohn’s disease is associated with inflammation that may take place in any region of the gastrointestinal tract. The inflammatory process is most commonly associated with the ileum, often spreading deep into the bowel tissues, extending into multiple forms, such as strictures and penetrations. Currently, Crohn’s disease has no known cure. Various medical and surgical procedures are used to manage the condition. The underlying mechanisms of the disease are yet to be identified, with recent studies suggesting the influence of genetics, environmental factors, and the possible activity of pathogens. Newer studies also offer strong evidence that suggests a relationship between Crohn’s disease and the nucleotide-binding oligomerization domain-containing protein 2 (NOD2) gene, also known as inflammatory bowel disease protein 1 (IBD1) or caspase recruitment domain-containing protein 15 (CARD15). NOD2 is responsible for the mechanism in which the immune system identifies foreign microorganisms through the sensing of pathogen-associated molecular patterns in microorganisms. NOD2 can detect intracellular muramyl dipeptide (MDP) in the bacterial wall, thereby causing an inflammatory response. Three major mutations associated with the NOD2 gene are known to have an influence on Crohn’s disease (SNP8, SNP12, and SNP13). This article will discuss a number of studies to identify whether there is a relationship between Crohn’s disease and the NOD2 gene.

Highlights

BackgroundCrohn's disease, first described by Dr Burrill B
nucleotide-binding oligomerization domain-containing protein 2 (NOD2) is responsible for the mechanism in which the immune system identifies foreign microorganisms through the sensing of pathogen-associated molecular patterns in microorganisms
The NOD2 gene functions as a synthesizer of NOD2 protein, which plays a significant role in the immune system function

Summary

Introduction

Crohn's disease, first described by Dr Burrill B. NOD2 mutations are associated with several inflammatory diseases, such as graft versus host disease, Blau syndrome, and Crohn’s disease This type of response reinforces the role that NOD2 gene has in inflammation and host-pathogen interaction [7]. Such areas may contain NOD2 genes, which demonstrate the possibility of additional factors to be present (such as interactions with other genes) in addition to NOD2 defects Such findings prove that a significant amount of additional work is needed to benefit from the relationships identified from NOD2 and Crohn’s disease-related studies. Many studies have identified the potential role of NOD2 in Crohn’s disease, multiple other factors can contribute to increased risks and act as different pathways for Crohn’s disease These factors include various environmental factors, autophagy, epithelial functions, and adaptive immunity [24, 39]. Continuous research in the field can offer promising outcomes and possibly a successful cure for Crohn’s disease

Conclusions

Disclosures

Findings

Cheifetz AS