Abstract
Reindeer herding probably developed during the Late Iron Age onwards and is still an important part of the subsistence and culture of many peoples in northern Eurasia. However, despite the importance of this husbandry in the history of these Arctic people, the period and place of the origin as well as the spread of domestic reindeer is still highly debated. Besides the existence of different breeding methods in these territories, identifying domesticated individuals in the archaeological record is complicated because reindeers are considered to still be in the early phases of the domestication process. Indeed, the traditional morphological markers used in zooarchaeology to decipher the domestication syndrome are hardly perceptible in these early stages. In this work, we propose solutions for identifying domestic reindeer bones using 3D geometric morphometrics on isolated elements from the long bones of the forelimb (i.e. humerus, radio-ulna and metacarpal). These bones are important to understand both the feeding behaviour and the mobility of reindeer, and the potential effect of load-carrying or draught in the case of domestic reindeer. We analysed 123 modern specimens from Fennoscandia, including the two interbreeding subspecies currently present in these territories: mountain reindeer (Rangifer tarandus tarandus) and forest reindeer (R.t. fennicus); and where the sex and the lifestyle were known (i.e. free-ranging, racing or draught and captive individuals). A good level of discrimination between the size and shape variables of the bones of the forelimb was found among both subspecies and sexes. Moreover, individuals bred in captivity had smaller bone elements and a thinner and more slender morphology than free-ranging individuals. This demonstrates that the long bones of the forelimb can provide information on changes in feeding and locomotor behaviour prompted by the domestication process, like control and/or reduction of mobility and food of individual reindeer by humans. This also demonstrates that analysis in 3D geometric morphometrics is useful in detecting reindeer incipient domestication markers. Our results can be used by archaeologists to trace the early stages of domestication from fossil reindeer remains, and aid in reconstructing the socio-economic changes of past Arctic populations over time.
Highlights
Reindeer (Rangifer tarandus Linnaeus, 1758) is the ungulate species with the largest circumpolar distribution in the northern hemisphere, extending over most of the tundra and taiga areas of Eurasia (Fennoscandia, Siberia, Mongolia) and NorthAmerica (Canada, Alaska, Greenland) (Syroechkovskii 1995; Geist 1998), and whose past geographical distribution was even more important (Ukkonen et al 2006; Banks et al 2008; Kahlke 2014; Sommer et al 2014)
Pairwise comparisons revealed that the forest reindeer (R.t. fennicus) is significantly bigger than the mountain reindeer (R.t. tarandus), as well as males are significantly bigger than females
Our work demonstrated the potential of 3D Geometric morphometrics (GMM) studies in order to identify both subspecies and sex of free-ranging reindeer or those that live in captivity
Summary
Reindeer (Rangifer tarandus Linnaeus, 1758) is the ungulate species with the largest circumpolar distribution in the northern hemisphere, extending over most of the tundra and taiga areas of Eurasia (Fennoscandia, Siberia, Mongolia) and NorthAmerica (Canada, Alaska, Greenland) (Syroechkovskii 1995; Geist 1998), and whose past geographical distribution was even more important (Ukkonen et al 2006; Banks et al 2008; Kahlke 2014; Sommer et al 2014). Reindeer (Rangifer tarandus Linnaeus, 1758) is the ungulate species with the largest circumpolar distribution in the northern hemisphere, extending over most of the tundra and taiga areas of Eurasia (Fennoscandia, Siberia, Mongolia) and North. Reindeer hunting and herding have been one of the most important means of livelihood for human societies from the Palaeolithic to the present. Some scholars estimate reindeer domestication 169 Page 2 of 25. Reindeer husbandry is still an important part of the subsistence, lifeways and cosmology of many peoples in Northern Eurasia (Mirov 1945; Vorren and Manker 1962; Levin and Potapov 1964; Hultkrantz 1985; Baskin 2000). Approximately half of the world’s reindeer population is considered domestic or semi-domestic (Syroechkovskii 1995; Baskin 2005). The exact period and the earliest hearths of domestication through archaeological records have not yet been clearly identified and are still highly debated
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