Abstract
Free-standing passengers on public transport are subjected to perturbations during non-collision incidents caused by driver maneuvers, increasing the risk of injury. In the literature, the step strategy is described as a recovery strategy during severe perturbations. However, stepping strategies increase body displacement, ultimately subjecting passengers to higher risk of impacts and falls on public transport. This study investigates the influence of different recovery strategies on the outcome of balance recovery of free-standing public transport passengers, challenged in postural balance by the non-uniform vehicle dynamics. From high-speed video recordings, a qualitative investigation of the balance responses of volunteer participants in a laboratory experiment was provided. On a linearly moving platform, 24 healthy volunteers (11 females and 13 males) were subjected to perturbation profiles of different magnitude, shape and direction, mimicking the typical acceleration and deceleration behavior of a bus. A methodology categorizing the balancing reaction to an initial strategy and a recovery strategy, was used to qualitatively identify, characterize and, evaluate the different balance strategies. The effectiveness of different strategies was assessed with a grading criterion. Statistical analysis based on these ordinal data was provided. The results show that the current definition in the literature of the step strategy is too primitive to describe the different identified recovery strategies. In the volunteers with the most successful balancing outcome, a particularly effective balance recovery strategy not yet described in the literature was identified, labeled the fighting stance. High jerk perturbations seemed to induce faster and more successful balance recovery, mainly for those adopting the fighting stance, compared to the high acceleration and braking perturbation profiles. Compared to the pure step strategy, the characteristics of the fighting stance seem to increase the ability to withstand higher perturbations by increasing postural stability to limit body displacement.
Highlights
Public transport is considered a safe mode of transportation
This indicates that their characteristics differ statistically, and that the fighting stance has an impact on the outcome regarding balance recovery
The results show no differences in the outcome of the balance recovery due to gender
Summary
Standing passengers on buses and trams are subjected to perturbations due to vehicle maneuvers that might cause injuries. The risk of injury due to falling in non-collision incidents on public transport has been estimated in a metaanalysis to be between 0.2 and 0.3 per million passenger km (Elvik, 2019). Factors contributing to the risk of falling include the perturbation profile (magnitude, duration, and orientation) and passenger capabilities (balance recovery, age, gender, and health condition). The literature highlights that harsh acceleration and sudden braking perturbations are important contributing factors, and that the group of female passengers aged 65+ are overrepresented in non-collision incidents on public transport (Kirk et al, 2003; Albertsson and Falkmer, 2005; Björnstig et al, 2005; Halpern et al, 2005). In a more recent study, Silvano and Ohlin (2019) found that female involvement is high for other age groups with 87 and 86% involvement for the age group brackets of 16–24 and 25–65, respectively
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