Identification of Two Activating Elements in the Proximal Promoter Region of the Human Glutathione Transferase-A1 and -A2 Genes

Abstract

Promoter regions derived from the human glutathioneS-transferase (GST) α gene cluster located on chromosome 6p12 were studied: the identical proximal promoters of the GST A1 and GST A2 genes and a proximal promoter of a pseudogene of this class. The sequence of the pseudogene promoter differs in four single nucleotides at positions −86, −66, −41, and −13, and a noncritical TTT insertion at positions −71 to −69 from the GST A1/A2 promoter. Here, it was shown that the GST A1/A2 proximal promoters differed by a factor of 3.4 in their activity from the proximal pseudogene promoter. Therefore, the functional significance of single base exchanges was examined by introducing individual point mutations at the four positions within the proximal GST A1/A2 promoter. In functional tests in transiently transfected human hepatoblastoma HepG2 cells the base exchange at position −13 showed no effect, whereas mutations at position −41 or −86 diminished the promoter activity to a level comparable to the pseudogene promoter. Promoter fragments of both genes spanning over these four sites were analyzed in a heterologous promoter context for their functionality in HepG2 cells. Moreover, gel shift experiments showed specific binding of nuclear proteins to these promoter fragments. The results show that in the proximal GST A1/A2 promoter the sites at position −41 or −86 are essential for the binding of activating transcription factor complexes.