Identification of Tree Species in Forest Communities at Different Altitudes Based on Multi-Source Aerial Remote Sensing Data

Abstract

The accurate identification of forest tree species is important for forest resource management and investigation. Using single remote sensing data for tree species identification cannot quantify both vertical and horizontal structural characteristics of tree species, so the classification accuracy is limited. Therefore, this study explores the application value of combining airborne high-resolution multispectral imagery and LiDAR data to classify tree species in study areas of different altitudes. Three study areas with different altitudes in Muyu Town, Shennongjia Forest Area were selected. Based on the object-oriented method for image segmentation, multi-source remote sensing feature extraction was performed. The recursive feature elimination algorithm was used to filter out the feature variables that were optimal for classifying tree species in each altitude study area. Four machine learning algorithms, SVM, KNN, RF, and XGBoost, were combined to classify tree species at each altitude and evaluate the accuracy. The results show that the diversity of tree layers decreased with the altitude in the different study areas. The texture features and height features extracted from LiDAR data responded better to the forest community structure in the different study areas. Coniferous species showed better classification than broad-leaved species within the same study areas. The XGBoost classification algorithm showed the highest accuracy of 87.63% (kappa coefficient of 0.85), 88.24% (kappa coefficient of 0.86), and 84.03% (kappa coefficient of 0.81) for the three altitude study areas, respectively. The combination of multi-source remote sensing numbers with the feature filtering algorithm and the XGBoost algorithm enabled accurate forest tree species classification.