Abstract
Purpose: During osteoarthritis (OA) hypertrophic chondrocytes are observed in cartilage which are thought to contribute to the disease process. In healthy cartilage, transforming growth factor-β (TGF-β) prevents such hypertrophic differentiation and maintains chondrocyte homeostasis. However, with OA, TGF-β levels are increased and more permanently active. This leads to the activation of different signaling pathways and gene expression in chondrocytes under OA conditions than in a healthy joint.
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