Abstract
BackgroundA growing body of evidence suggests that immune cell infiltration in cancer is closely related to clinical outcomes. However, there is still a lack of research on papillary thyroid cancer (PTC).MethodsBased on single-sample gene set enrichment analysis (SSGSEA) algorithm and weighted gene co-expression network analysis (WGCNA) tool, the infiltration level of immune cell and key modules and genes associated with the level of immune cell infiltration were identified using PTC gene expression data from The Cancer Genome Atlas (TCGA) database. In addition, the co-expression network and protein-protein interactions network analysis were used to identify the hub genes. Moreover, the immunological and clinical characteristics of these hub genes were verified in TCGA and GSE35570 datasets and quantitative real-time polymerase chain reaction (PCR). Finally, receiver operating characteristic (ROC) curve analysis was used to evaluate the diagnostic value of hub genes.ResultsActivated B cell, activated dendritic cell, CD56bright natural killer cell, CD56dim natural killer cell, Eosinophil, Gamma delta T cell, Immature dendritic cell, Macrophage, Mast cell, Monocyte, Natural killer cell, Neutrophil and Type 17 T helper cell were significantly changed between PTC and adjacent normal groups. WGCNA results showed that the black model had the highest correlation with the infiltration level of activated dendritic cells. We found 14 hub genes whose expression correlated to the infiltration level of activated dendritic cells in both TCGA and GSE35570 datasets. After validation in the TCGA dataset, the expression level of only 5 genes (C1QA, HCK, HLA-DRA, ITGB2 and TYROBP) in 14 hub genes were differentially expressed between PTC and adjacent normal groups. Meanwhile, the expression levels of these 5 hub genes were successfully validated in GSE35570 dataset. Quantitative real-time PCR results showed the expression of these 4 hub genes (except C1QA) was consistent with the results in TCGA and GSE35570 dataset. Finally, these 4 hub genes had diagnostic value to distinguish PTC and adjacent normal controls.ConclusionsHCK, HLA-DRA, ITGB2 and TYROBP may be key diagnostic biomarkers and immunotherapy targets in PTC.
Highlights
Thyroid cancer is the most common endocrine malignancy, accounting for about 3% of the total incidence of all malignancies, and its incidence is growing rapidly worldwide [1]
Based on single-sample gene set enrichment analysis (SSGSEA) algorithm and weighted gene co-expression network analysis (WGCNA) tool, the infiltration level of immune cell and key modules and genes associated with the level of immune cell infiltration were identified using papillary thyroid carcinoma (PTC) gene expression data from The Cancer Genome Atlas (TCGA) database
After validation in the TCGA dataset, the expression level of only 5 genes (C1QA, Hematopoietic cell kinase (HCK), HLADRA, Integrin beta2 (ITGB2) and Tyrosine kinase binding protein (TYROBP)) in 14 hub genes were differentially expressed between PTC and adjacent normal groups
Summary
Thyroid cancer is the most common endocrine malignancy, accounting for about 3% of the total incidence of all malignancies, and its incidence is growing rapidly worldwide [1]. About 83% of patients with thyroid cancer belong to papillary thyroid carcinoma (PTC). PTC has a low mortality rate, it has a high rate of recurrence or progression, which places a heavy financial and emotional burden for patients with PTC [3]. The treatment strategies of PTC have made great progress, but they still can’t fully ameliorate the survival with locally advanced or distant metastatic PTC. A growing body of evidence suggests that immune cell infiltration in cancer is closely related to clinical outcomes. There is still a lack of research on papillary thyroid cancer (PTC)
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