Abstract
Understanding the temporal and spatial variability of water quality is important in order to establish effective customized management strategies for polluted aquatic ecosystems. Although various water quality management methods have been proposed based on insights into river water pollution factors through physically based modeling or statistical techniques, it is difficult to find studies that analyze the relative importance of these water pollution factors in a relatively large watershed using a step-by-step methodology. In this study, the spatial variability of river water quality is analyzed using time-averaged river water quality data collected from 40 sites in the Nakdong river basin, located on the Korean Peninsula. We focused on biological oxygen demand, total suspended solids, total nitrogen, and total organic carbon. A two-step exhaustive search approach was used to find a linear model that best links the various factors of the watershed with the average river water quality. The optimal model was selected by applying cross-correlation analysis and Bayesian inference. Through the process of finding the optimal statistical model, the major factors that have the most influence on river water quality were identified by analyzing the factors affecting river water quality, their levels of influence, and their levels of uncertainty. Identifying a set of processes provides insight into the key factors influencing spatial variability in average stream water quality conditions. We were able to identify the relative influences and uncertainties of the hydrological, climatic, topographical, and geological characteristics of the watershed on the spatial variability of river water quality. The proposed spatial variability model of average river water quality can be used to predict river water quality responses to future climate change, land use pattern change, and soil management strategy change.
Highlights
River water quality is declining worldwide [1,2,3]
We selected environmental factors that affect the water quality concentration of rivers by combining the river water quality concentration data observed in 40 unit watersheds of the Nakdong river basin during the period from 2015 to 2019, with 50 environmental factors obtained in each unit watershed
Through a series of processes to find optimal statistical models that take into account both the accuracy and uncertainty of statistical models, we identified key factors that most affect river water quality in the Nakdong river basin
Summary
River water quality is declining worldwide [1,2,3]. As a result of the side effects of urbanization, river water pollution has increased, limiting available water resources [4,5].Changes in population growth, urbanization, and land use are seen as key issues in sustainable water management [6]. River water quality is declining worldwide [1,2,3]. Changes in land use affect basin evapotranspiration, the permeable capacity of soil, surface water and groundwater systems, and river water quality [8,9]. Climate change affects seasonal and annual river water quality [10,11,12,13]. To establish an effective customized management strategy for contaminated aquatic ecosystems, it is important to understand the factors of spatiotemporal variation in river water quality [14,15,16]. Various prior studies have shown a significant correlation between human activities, such as agriculture and urbanization and river water quality
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