Identification of the 14.3.3 zeta domains important for self-association and Raf binding.

Zhi-Jun Luo,Ulf Rapp,Joseph Avruch,Xian-Feng Zhang

doi:10.1074/jbc.270.40.23681

Abstract

The 14.3.3 zeta protein is a ubiquitous and abundant arachidonate-selective acyltransferase and putative phospholipase A2, which self-assembles into dimers and binds to c-Raf-1 and other polypeptides in vitro and in intact cells. The 14.3.3 polypeptides endogenous to Sf9 cells associate in situ with both active and inactive recombinant Raf and copurify at a fairly reproducible molar ratio that is probably 1. Purified baculoviral recombinant Raf, despite its preassociated 14.3.3 polypeptide, binds additional recombinant 14.3.3 zeta polypeptide in vitro, in a saturable and specific reaction, forming a complex that is resistant to 1 M LiCl. A two-hybrid analysis indicates that 14.3.3 zeta binds primarily to Raf noncatalytic sequences distinct from those that bind Ras-GTP, and in vitro 14.3.3 zeta binds to Raf without inhibiting the Ras-Raf association or Raf-catalyzed MEK phosphorylation. Deletion analysis of 14.3.3 zeta (1-245) indicates that the 14.3.3 domain responsible for binding to Raf extends over the carboxyl-terminal 100 amino acids, whereas 14.3.3 dimerization is mediated by amino-terminal sequences. As with Ras, the 14.3.3 zeta polypeptide does not activate purified Raf directly in vitro. Moreover, expression of recombinant 14.3.3 zeta in COS cells beyond the substantial level of endogenous 14.3.3 protein does not alter endogenous Raf kinase, as judged by the activity of a cotransfected Erk-1 reporter. Coexpression of recombinant 14.3.3 with recombinant Myc-tagged Raf in COS cells does increase substantially the Myc-Raf kinase activity achieved during transient expression, which is attributable primarily to an increased level of Myc-Raf polypeptide, without alteration of Myc-Raf specific activity or the activation that occurs in response to epidermal growth factor or 12-O-tetradecanoylphorbol-13-acetate. Nevertheless, evidence that 14.3.3 actively participates in Raf activation in situ is provided by the finding that although full-length 14.3.3 zeta binds active Raf in situ, truncated versions of 14.3.3, some of which bind Raf polypeptide in situ nearly as well as full-length 14.3.3 zeta, are recovered in association only with inactive Raf polypeptides. Thus, 14.3.3 polypeptides bind tightly to one or more sites on c-Raf. Overexpression of 14.3.3 zeta enhances the expression of recombinant Raf, perhaps by stabilizing the Raf polypeptide. In addition, Raf polypeptides bound to truncated 14.3.3 polypeptides are unable to undergo activation in situ, indicating that 14.3.3 participates in the process of Raf activation by mechanisms that remain to be elucidated.

Highlights

¶ To whom all correspondence should be addressed: Diabetes Research Laboratory, Massachusetts General Hospital, MGH-East, 149 13th St., Charlestown, MA 02129
Ras GTP functions in situ to translocate Raf to the surface membrane so as to enable its activation by other processes. Support for this model is provided by the demonstration that fusion of plasma membrane targeting (CAAX) sequences onto the Raf carboxyl terminus is transforming and bypasses the need for Ras in Raf activation; a large increase in the activity of membrane-associated Raf is observed in growth factor-deprived cells, and EGF stimulates Raf CAAX activity a further 10-fold in a Ras-independent reaction (4, 5)
We define the Raf domain employed for the binding of 14.3.3 ␨ in situ and the 14.3.3 ␨ domains necessary for self-association and Raf binding; we find that while carboxyl-terminal fragments of 14.3.3 bind Raf in situ nearly as well as full-length 14.3.3, only the latter is found in association with catalytically active Raf polypeptides in situ

Summary

Introduction

¶ To whom all correspondence should be addressed: Diabetes Research Laboratory, Massachusetts General Hospital, MGH-East, 149 13th St., Charlestown, MA 02129. An important insight into the initial step in Raf activation was the discovery that Raf binds directly to the GTP-bound form of Ras (1–3). This Raf-Ras-GTP interaction does not result directly in Raf activation, inasmuch as addition of Ras GTP to inactive, baculoviral recombinant Raf in vitro does not alter Raf kinase activity. Ras GTP functions in situ to translocate Raf to the surface membrane so as to enable its activation by other processes Support for this model is provided by the demonstration that fusion of plasma membrane targeting (CAAX) sequences onto the Raf carboxyl terminus is transforming and bypasses the need for Ras in Raf activation; a large increase in the activity of membrane-associated Raf is observed in growth factor-deprived cells, and EGF stimulates Raf CAAX activity a further 10-fold in a Ras-independent reaction (4, 5). We define the Raf domain employed for the binding of 14.3.3 ␨ in situ and the 14.3.3 ␨ domains necessary for self-association and Raf binding; we find that while carboxyl-terminal fragments of 14.3.3 bind Raf in situ nearly as well as full-length 14.3.3, only the latter is found in association with catalytically active Raf polypeptides in situ

Methods

Results

Conclusion