Abstract
The ability of bacteria to adhere to the intestinal mucosa is a critical property necessary for the long-term colonization of the intestinal tract. This ability can be highly sensitive to the presence of prebiotics. However, limited data are available in this respect for beneficial bacteria such as probiotics or resident gut microbiota. We previously demonstrated that the presence of prebiotics may decrease adherence in several pre- and probiotic combinations. Thus, characterizing the interactions between numerous combinations involving different classes of pre- and probiotics can be crucial in identifying new synbiotics. Accordingly, here, we extend our prior analyses to evaluate the adhesion of five lactobacilli, six bifidobacteria, and one probiotic Escherichia coli strains, as commercial probiotics or promising probiotic candidates, together with the cariogenic Bifidobacterium dentium strain. As an in vitro intestinal mucosa model, Caco-2 and mucin-secreting HT29-MTX cells were co-cultured at 9:1 in the presence or absence of prebiotics. Commercial inulin-type fructooligosaccharide prebiotics Orafti® GR, Orafti® P95, and galactooligosaccharide-based prebiotic formula Vivinal®, including purified human milk oligosaccharides (HMOs) were added into the cultivation media as the sole sugar source (2.5% each). Adherence was tested using microtiter plates and was evaluated as the percentage of fluorescently labeled bacteria present in the wells after three washes. Consistent prebiotics-mediated enhanced adherence was observed only for the commercial probiotic strain E. coli O83. For the remaining strains, the presence of HMO or prebiotics Orafti® P95 or Orafti® GR decreased adherence, reaching statistical significance (p < 0.05) for three of out of eight (HMO) or five of out of 11 strains tested, respectively. Conversely, Vivinal® enhanced adhesion in six out of the 12 strains tested, and notably, it significantly attenuated the adherence of the cariogenic Bifidobacterium dentium Culture Collection of Dairy Microorganisms (CCDM) 318. To our knowledge, this represents the first report on the influence of commercial prebiotics and HMOs on the adhesion of the cariogenic Bifidobacterium sp. Vivinal® seems to be a promising prebiotic to be used in the formulation of synbiotics, supporting the adhesion of a wide range of probiotics, especially the strains B. bifidum BBV and BBM and the probiotic Escherichia coli O83.
Highlights
Vivinal® enhanced adhesion in six out of the 12 strains tested, and notably, it significantly attenuated the adherence of the cariogenic Bifidobacterium dentium Culture Collection of Dairy Microorganisms (CCDM) 318
We found that commercial prebiotics, lactose, glucose, and human milk oligosaccharides (HMOs) significantly attenuated the adherence of B. dentium CCDM 318 to Caco-2 and HT29-MTX
The most suitable probiotic candidates are B. bifidum BBM and BBV showing the highest adherence to the mammalian cells
Summary
Probiotics are conventionally defined as “live microorganisms that, when administered in adequate amounts, confer a health benefit to the host” [1]. Zendeboodi et al [2] recently defined a probiotic as “a viable or inviable microbial cell (vegetative or spore; intact or ruptured) that is potentially healthful to the host”. A prebiotic is defined as “a substrate that is selectively utilized by host microorganisms conferring a health benefit”, according to The International Scientific Association for Probiotics and Prebiotics (ISAPP) [4]. Oligosaccharides constitute the major source of fermentable sugars for microbiota present in the gut. They serve as prebiotics for intestinal microbiota and should selectively stimulate the growth and activity of the beneficial organisms. Established prebiotic carbohydrates include inulin-type fructans, fructooligosaccharides (FOS), galactooligosaccharides (GOS), and lactulose, with several emerging or candidate prebiotics being considered, such as polydextrose, cellobiose, melibiose, and isomaltulose [6]
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