Abstract
Nitrate (NO3−) contamination in water is an environmental problem of widespread concern. In this study, we combined the stable isotopes of NO3− (δ15N and δ18O) and water (δ2H and δ18O) with a Bayesian mixing model (SIAR) to identify the sources and transformation of NO3− in groundwater and rivers in the Ye River basin of North China. The results showed that the mean NO3− concentrations in groundwater were 133.5 and 111.7 mg/L in the dry and flood seasons, respectively, which exceeded the required Chinese drinking water standards for groundwater (88.6 mg/L) (GB14848-2017). This suggests that groundwater quality has been severely impacted by human activity. Land use significantly affected the concentration of NO3− in the Ye River basin (p < 0.05). However, the NO3− concentrations in groundwater and river water had no obvious temporal variation (p > 0.05). The principal mode of nitrogen transformation for both groundwater and river water was nitrification, whereas denitrification did not significantly affect the isotopic compositions of NO3−. The sources of NO3− mainly originated from sewage and manure, soil nitrogen, and NH4+ in fertilizer for groundwater and from sewage and manure for the river water. According to the SIAR model, the primary sources of nitrate found in groundwater and river were sewage and manure in the Ye River basin. The proportional contributions of sewage and manure to nitrate contamination of groundwater and river were 58% and 48% in the dry season and 49% and 54% in the flood season, respectively. Based on these results, we suggest that the local government should enhance the sewage treatment infrastructure, construct an effective waste storage system to collect manure, and pursue a scientific fertilization strategy (such as soil formula fertilization) to increase the utilization rate of nitrogen fertilizer and prevent nitrate levels from increasing further.
Highlights
Nitrate pollution in water environments has become an important problem of worldwide concern [1,2]
The mean pH values of river water (8.32 and 8.27 in the dry and flood seasons, respectively) were higher than those of groundwater, which may have been because the evaporation of surface water was stronger than that of the groundwater [14]
It is worth noting that the regression line slopes for groundwater and river water were similar, and the isotopic composition of groundwater was close to the river water, which indicated that the groundwater was affected by the seepage of the
Summary
Nitrate pollution in water environments has become an important problem of worldwide concern [1,2]. High nitrate content in water is closely related to human activities such as the excessive use of nitrogen fertilizers [3,4], the discharge of unprocessed domestic sewage and industrial wastewater [5], sewage irrigation [6], landfill seepage, and atmospheric N deposition [7]. Nitrate entering an aquifer can remain stable for decades in an oxidizing condition due to its highly solubility and stability, and it migrates readily [6]. High concentrations of nitrate in drinking water can pose serious threats to human health (e.g., methemeoglobinemia in infants, thyroid disorders, and cancer of the digestive tract) [8,9].
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