Abstract
A simple, rapid, specific, and sensitive method was developed for the simultaneous identification and quantification of six major bioactive compounds, namely, caffeic acid, quercetin, apigenin, ferulic acid, baicalein, and kaempferol, from Asparagus officinalis roots (ARs) native to New Zealand (green and purple cultivars) and China (yellow, green, purple, and white cultivars) using ultrasound-assisted, solid-phase extraction (UASE-SPE) coupled with ultra-performance liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry (UPLC-MS/MS). The method was validated in terms of linearity, limit of detection (LOD), limit of quantification (LOQ), accuracy (expressed as recovery %), and precision (expressed as relative standard deviation (%RSD)). The retention times, ultraviolet visible (UV-vis) data, and mass spectral patterns of the detected peaks matched those of commercial standards, allowing characterization of the target compounds. The LODs and LOQs were 23 ng/mL and 70 ng/mL, 50 ng/mL and 150 ng/mL, 10 ng/mL and 30 ng/mL, 18 ng/mL and 54 ng/mL, 14.4 ng/mL and 43.6 ng/mL, and 7.5 ng/mL and 22.5 ng/mL for caffeic acid, quercetin, apigenin, ferulic acid, baicalein, and kaempferol, respectively, and the mean recovery rates were 85.8%, 73.0%, 90.2%, 80.6%, 76.7%, and 74.5% for the six compounds, respectively. The levels of the target compounds were significantly different (p < 0.05) among the six cultivars. The Chinese yellow AR had the highest levels of bioactive compounds: 6.0, 3.9, 0.4, 1.0, 0.86, and 0.8 mg/g for caffeic acid, quercetin, apigenin, ferulic acid, baicalein, and kaempferol, respectively. The AR extracts showed protective effects against oxidative stress in the HepG2 and L929 cell lines. The results indicate that AR extracts contain high flavonoid levels that provide protective functions against oxidative stress and support the potential commercial application of AR extracts.
Highlights
Asparagus officinalis L. is consumed worldwide as a popular fresh vegetable due to its nutritional value and high levels of bioactive phenolic compounds [1]
We developed and validated a rapid, simple, specific, and sensitive method to quantify six bioactive compounds in Asparagus officinalis roots (ARs) using ultrasound-assisted solid-phase extraction coupled to ultra-performance liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry (UAE-Solid-phase extraction (SPE)-UPLC-Mass Spectrometry (MS)/MS)
The results indicate the absence of a C-5 hydroxyl group, ring, C-11 hydroxyl group, and 2-propenoate ion in phenolic compounds, which are present in caffeic acid and ferulic acid
Summary
Asparagus officinalis L. (green asparagus) is consumed worldwide as a popular fresh vegetable due to its nutritional value and high levels of bioactive phenolic compounds [1]. (green asparagus) is consumed worldwide as a popular fresh vegetable due to its nutritional value and high levels of bioactive phenolic compounds [1]. Some bioactive compounds, such as inosine, rutin, and quercetin, have been found in Asparagus officinalis root (AR). Further separation using silica gel CC (silica gel chromatographic column), Sephadex LH-20 (Hydroxypropyl glucan gel), ODS (octadecylsilyl), CC (chromatographic column), and preparative HPLC to separate different compounds that were identified using NMR spectroscopy. This conventional procedure for the identification of compounds is complicated and laborious. HPLC-diode array detectors combined with mass spectrometry (MS) can afford comprehensive qualitative and quantitative data and provide a simple approach for compound identification using spectral characteristics and atom-probe tomography (APT)
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