Identification of Receptor Binding and Activation Determinants in the N-terminal and N-loop Regions of the CC Chemokine Eotaxin

Michael R Mayer,Martin J Stone

doi:10.1074/jbc.m011202200

Abstract

Eotaxin is a CC chemokine that specifically activates the receptor CCR3 causing accumulation of eosinophils in allergic diseases and parasitic infections. Twelve amino acid residues in the N-terminal (residues 1-8) and N-loop (residues 11-20) regions of eotaxin have been individually mutated to alanine, and the ability of the mutants to bind and activate CCR3 has been determined in cell-based assays. The alanine mutants at positions Thr(7), Asn(12), Leu(13), and Leu(20) show near wild type binding affinity and activity. The mutants T8A, N15A, and K17A have near wild type binding affinity for CCR3 but reduced receptor activation. A third class of mutants, S4A, V5A, R16A, and I18A, display significantly perturbed binding affinity for CCR3 while retaining the ability to activate or partially activate the receptor. Finally, the mutant Phe(11) has little detectable activity and 20-fold reduced binding affinity relative to wild type eotaxin, the most dramatic effect observed in both assays but less dramatic than the effect of mutating the corresponding residue in some other chemokines. Taken together, the results indicate that residues contributing to receptor binding affinity and those required for triggering receptor activation are distributed throughout the N-terminal and N-loop regions. This conclusion is in contrast to the separation of binding and activation functions between N-loop and N-terminal regions, respectively, that has been observed previously for some other chemokines.

Highlights

Chemokines are a family of small (8 –10 kDa) secreted proteins whose major function is to recruit leukocytes to sites of injury or infection [1]
The CC chemokine eotaxin [7,8,9], and the related proteins eotaxin-2 [10, 11] and eotaxin-3 [12], are specific for the receptor CCR3, which is the most abundant chemokine receptor found on the surface of eosinophils, a terminally differentiated class of granulocytes [9, 13, 14]
Selection of Residues for Alanine-scanning Mutation—To assess the contribution of each amino acid side chain in the N-terminal and N-loop regions of eotaxin to receptor binding and activation, we individually mutated each residue to alanine

Summary

Introduction

Chemokines (chemotactic cytokines) are a family of small (8 –10 kDa) secreted proteins whose major function is to recruit leukocytes to sites of injury or infection [1]. Kines (designated CCR or CXCR, according to the class of chemokine that activates them) are seven transmembrane helix G-protein-coupled receptors located in the leukocyte cell membrane [5]. Chemokines of a certain class typically bind to a subset of receptors from the corresponding receptor class [2], the determinants of receptor specificity are not well understood In addition to their signaling roles, chemokine receptors, CCR5, CXCR4, and CCR3 have been shown to be co-receptors, in conjunction with CD4, for HIV1 infection [6]. The CC chemokine eotaxin [7,8,9], and the related proteins eotaxin-2 [10, 11] and eotaxin-3 [12], are specific for the receptor CCR3, which is the most abundant chemokine receptor found on the surface of eosinophils, a terminally differentiated class of granulocytes [9, 13, 14]. Extensive mutational studies of several chemokines have led to a proposed “two-step” model for receptor interaction in which

Results

Discussion

Conclusion