Abstract
Abstract High frequency of albino haploids/doubled haploids (DHs), regenerated in androgenic cultures is one of the major obstacles that limit incorporation of DHs technology into cereal breeding programs. Therefore, quantitative trait loci (QTL) associated with albino plant production in triticale anther cultures were analyzed using the population of 90 DH lines derived from F1 cross ‘Saka 3006’ × ‘Modus’. Composite interval mapping (CIM) and single marker analysis (SMA) in Windows QTL Cartographer ver 2.5 were used to localize the major QTLs. CIM method revealed seven QTLs with LOD scores between 2.9 and 5.6 on five chromosomes from B to R subgenomes (3B, 4B, 4R, 5R and 7R). Effects of all QTLs explained 8.3–17.6 % of the phenotypic variation and were confirmed by SMA analysis. Additionally SMA revealed another seven markers on chromosomes: 2AL.2BL, 3B, 2BS.6AL, 2RS.3R and 4R associated with QTL for albino plant regeneration (p < 0.01). The additional experiment with ten DH lines varied significantly in their androgenic responsiveness was conducted to analyze the changes in the level of oxidative stress, antioxidative system activity and endogenous hormonal balance associated with androgenesis-inducing low temperature stress treatment (3 weeks at 4 °C). The correlation analysis between albino/green plant regeneration ability and analyzed traits were performed by using Spearman Rank test (p ≤ 0.05). Revealed associations may suggest that some level of oxidative stress is necessary for transition from a non-photosynthetic proplastids to the functional chloroplasts. On the other hand, the efficient antioxidative enzyme system and endogenous hormonal balance are also very important. Key message Fourteen chromosome regions were indicated to control albino plant formation during triticale anther culture. Additionally, reactive oxygen species (ROS) generation, antioxidative system activity and hormonal balance were discussed as determinants in androgenesis.
Highlights
Microspore embryogenesis (ME), called androgenesis, is defined as the reproduction of an individual with genetically exclusive male origin (Seguı-Simarro 2010)
The significant differences were found in parameters characterizing final androgenic efficiency (GR/100A, albino regenerants (AR)/100A), where both green and albino plant production were more than 4-fold higher for paternal genotype ‘Modus’
A lot of effort has been put in an identification of the most important factors controlling androgenic responsiveness and effective production of doubled haploid plants (DHs) lines
Summary
Microspore embryogenesis (ME), called androgenesis, is defined as the reproduction of an individual with genetically exclusive male origin (Seguı-Simarro 2010) This remarkable process is considered as one of the fastest and simplest route to obtain haploid and doubled haploid plants (DHs), which are very good tools for breeding programs, as well as for biotechnology and molecular studies. One of very important problems in androgenic cultures of monocots is the formation of chlorophylldeficient, so called ‘albino’ or ‘albinotic’ plants. This phenomenon is observed in majority of cereals like wheat (Andersen et al 1987), barley (Knudsen et al 1989), rice (Guiderdoni et al 1992), rye (Immonen 1999) and oat (Kiviharju and Pehu 1998) with the frequency that may vary from 5 to 100 % of regenerants. Despite many efforts that have been made to bring the better understanding of the mechanisms leading to albino plant formation, the primary reasons are still unknown
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