Abstract
Grain size and shape associated with yield and milling quality are important traits in wheat domestication and breeding. To reveal the genetic factors on the D genome that control grain size and shape variation, we conducted analysis of quantitative trait loci (QTL) using the F2 and F2:3 populations derived from a common allohexaploid wheat line TAA10 and a synthetic allohexaploid wheat XX329, which have near-identical AABB genomes and different DD genomes. Based on genotyping using wheat 660K single nucleotide polymorphism (SNP) array, TAA10 and XX329 exhibited 96.55, 98.10, and 66.26% genetic similarities of A, B, and D genomes, respectively. Phenotypic evaluation revealed that XX329 had higher thousand grain weight (TGW), grain length, width, area and perimeter than TAA10 across all environments, and the grain yield per plot of XX329 increased by 17.43–30.36% compared with that of TAA10 in two environments. A total of nine environmentally stable QTL associated with grain size and shape were mapped on chromosomes 2D and 7D and verified using near isogenic lines (NILs), with the synthetic allohexaploid wheat XX329 contributing favorable alleles. Notably, a novel QTL QTgw.cau-2D controlling grain weight was first identified from the synthetic allohexaploid wheat, which may be a more desirable target for genetic improvement in wheat breeding. Collectively, these results provide further insights into the genetic factors that shaped the grain morphology during wheat evolution and domestication.
Highlights
Wheat was one of the first plant species to be domesticated and cultivated in the Middle East and was instrumental in spawning the agricultural revolution and the establishment of human civilization (Dubcovsky and Dvorak, 2007; Abbo et al, 2014)
For quantitative trait loci (QTL) analysis, a total of 328 F2 individuals generated by the cross between TAA10 and XX329 were grown in the greenhouse of China Agricultural University in 2014, and the derived 328 F2:3 lines were grown in Shangzhuang, Beijing in the spring of 2015
The extracted allotetraploid wheat (ETW) had lower thousand grain weight (TGW), grain length (GL), grain width (GW), grain area (GA), and grain perimeter (GP) compared with TAA10, and these values of the resynthesized wheat XX329 were higher than those of TAA10 (Figure 1; Table 1)
Summary
Wheat was one of the first plant species to be domesticated and cultivated in the Middle East and was instrumental in spawning the agricultural revolution and the establishment of human civilization (Dubcovsky and Dvorak, 2007; Abbo et al, 2014). Human intense selection resulted in QTL for Wheat Grain Morphology better agronomic performance and wide adaptability (Dubcovsky and Dvorak, 2007). Grain size and shape, which are associated with yield and milling quality, are two of the most important traits in wheat domestication and breeding (Breseghello and Sorrells, 2007). Genes or quantitative trait loci (QTL) associated with grain shape and size are of interest for domestication and breeding purposes (Simons et al, 2006; Williams et al, 2013)
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