Abstract
In people, serum Protein Carbonyls (PCOs) increase during oxidative stress (OS) due to oxidative damage to proteins. OS is often associated with inflammation and especially with sepsis, a condition hard to diagnose in veterinary medicine because reliable markers are lacking. The aim of this study was to assess whether PCOs in canine serum may be detected by antibody-based methods such as Western Blotting (WB), and to preliminarily investigate the possible utility of this marker in dogs with inflammation. A serum sample oxidized in vitro was used to set up the method; the coefficient of variation obtained by repeated analysis varied from 24 to 36%. In order to assess whether the technique may cover the range of PCOs concentration detectable in routine practice, PCOs were measured in 4 healthy dogs and in 15 with inflammatory diseases, in some cases potentially associated with sepsis, as suggested by the results of other inflammatory markers such as C-Reactive Protein (CRP) and the anti-oxidant enzyme Paraoxonase 1 (PON-1): the concentration of PCOs was low in dogs with normal PON-1 activity, moderately increased in the majority of dogs with low-normal PON-1 activity, and severely increased in dogs with very low PON-1 activity. In conclusion this study demonstrates that PCOs, may be detected in canine serum, using antibody-based techniques such as WB. The preliminary results in dogs with and without systemic inflammation encourage further studies on the possible role of PCOs as inflammatory markers.
Highlights
The generation of reactive oxygen species (ROS) occurs in a variety of physiological and pathological conditions
Inflammation is characterized by oxidative phenomena and the detection of protein carbonyls (PCOs) in biological samples may be used to quantify the level of oxidative stress (OS) [3] associated with inflammation
To better focus on the inflammatory and oxidative status of the dogs included in this study, we evaluated the serum concentration of C-reactive protein (CRP), the major acute phase protein of dogs [15] and the serum activity of the antioxidant enzyme paraoxonase 1 (PON-1), whose metabolism is strictly associated with that of both Paraoxonase 1 (PON-1) and C-Reactive Protein (CRP) [16]
Summary
The generation of reactive oxygen species (ROS) occurs in a variety of physiological and pathological conditions. The amount of PCOs in blood increases under pathological conditions related to oxidative stress. Protein carbonylation is the most widely used biomarker for oxidative damage to proteins, since it reflects cellular damage induced by multiple forms of ROS [2]. Inflammation is characterized by oxidative phenomena and the detection of protein carbonyls (PCOs) in biological samples may be used to quantify the level of oxidative stress (OS) [3] associated with inflammation. In septic patients, OS is higher than in subjects with inflammation not associated with sepsis [4], and PCOs may be markers of sepsis. In people, the concentration of plasma protein carbonyl is significantly higher in septic patients compared with controls [4]
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