Abstract
Periodontitis is a chronic and multifactorial inflammatory disease that can lead to tooth loss. At present, the diagnosis for periodontitis is primarily based on clinical examination and radiographic parameters. Detecting the periodontal pathogens at the subgingival plaque requires skilled professionals to collect samples. Periodontal pathogens are also detected on various mucous membranes in patients with periodontitis. In this study, we characterized the oral microbiome profiles from buccal mucosa and supragingival space in a total of 272 healthy subjects as a control group, and periodontitis patients as a disease group. We identified 13 phyla, 193 genera, and 527 species and determined periodontitis-associated taxa. Porphyromonas gingivalis, Tannerella forsythia, Treponema denticolar, Filifactor alocis, Porphyromonas endodontalis, Fretibacterium fastiosum and Peptostreptococcus species were significantly increased in both the buccal mucosa and the supragingival space in periodontitis patients. The identified eight periodontitis-associated bacterial species were clinically validated in an independent cohort. We generated the prediction model based on the oral microbiome profiles using five machine learning algorithms, and validated its capability in predicting the status of patients with periodontitis. The results showed that the oral microbiome profiles from buccal mucosa and supragingival space can represent the microbial composition of subgingival plaque and further be utilized to identify potential microbial biomarkers for the diagnosis of periodontitis. Besides, bacterial community interaction network analysis found distinct patterns associated with dysbiosis in periodontitis. In summary, we have identified oral bacterial species from buccal and supragingival sites which can predict subgingival bacterial composition and can be used for early diagnosis of periodontitis. Therefore, our study provides an important basis for developing easy and noninvasive methods to diagnose and monitor periodontitis.
Highlights
Periodontitis is a multifactorial and inflammatory disease that affects about 30%–35% of the global population and about 70% of individuals 65 years of age and older
It has been shown that periodontal microorganisms are restricted to subgingival pockets, but are found on various mucous membranes in patients with periodontitis including buccal mucosa and supragingival plaque [15,16,17]
Periodontitis is a chronic inflammatory disease caused by colonization of subgingival periodontal pathogens
Summary
Periodontitis is a multifactorial and inflammatory disease that affects about 30%–35% of the global population and about 70% of individuals 65 years of age and older. Periodontitis results in periodontal tissue destruction and loss of teeth eventually. It increases with age and is closely associated with systemic diseases, such as cardiovascular disease, diabetes, and even Alzheimer’s disease, etc. Periodontal disease is an inflammatory disease caused by host immune responses to bacterial infections. The inflammations caused by the periodontitis do remain in the oral cavity, but could be spread throughout the body. Early diagnosis and monitoring of periodontitis can be a good practice for the prevention of the systemic disease as well as the periodontal disease. The development of peritonitis-associated bacterial panels could provide the early diagnosis for the periodontitis and the prognosis of the disease after treatments
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