Identification of Possible Short-Term Ionospheric Earthquake Precursors for Seismic Events with Intermediate Hypocentrals Depths by Measuring the Standard Parameters of the Mid-Latitude Es Layer

Abstract

Changes in deviations from the background values of the parameters of the sporadic E ionosphere (Es) are studied: the effective (virtual) height h’Es and limiting reflection frequency (foEs). Basically, the analysis was carried based on hourly measurement data from several Japanese ground stations for vertical sounding of the ionosphere in order to identify possible short-term ionospheric earthquake precursors with intermediate (from 60 to 300 km) hypocentral depths. All known events (12 earthquakes, from 1969 to 2022) are considered for which the necessary ionospheric data in the Japan region and magnitudes (M) ranging from 6.5 to 7.6 are available. From coincidence of the maxima in changes in the considered Es characteristics on the same day at pairs of stations separated by hundreds of kilometers, the time of appearance of possible ionospheric earthquake precursors was recorded. According to the ionospheric data available during the preparation period for the studied earthquakes, a tendency has been identified according to which the time the moment of the main influence is anticipated depends on the magnitude of the impending earthquake. Similarities and differences in the responses of the ionosphere to the preparation of surface (crustal) earthquakes and earthquakes with an intermediate hypocentral depth are revealed. Another tendency is also revealed: earlier appearance of the identified earthquake precursors with increasing hypocentral depth for earthquakes with an intermediate hypocentral depth at the same distances from the epicenter to the observation point.