Identification of Pheromone Components of Plagionotus detritus (Coleoptera: Cerambycidae), and Attraction of Conspecifics, Competitors, and Natural Enemies to the Pheromone Blend.

Abstract

Simple SummaryThe longhorn beetle, Plagionotus detritus (L.), occurs throughout Europe and into the Middle East. Our principal aim was to identify the male-produced aggregation-sex attractant pheromone of this species. A pheromone-based monitoring system could support plant protection in areas where it might become a pest and natural conservation in areas where it is endangered. Headspace volatiles were collected from live beetles and analyzed by coupled gas chromatography-electroantennogram detection and gas chromatography-mass spectrometry. Two components of the extracts that elicited responses from antennae of P. detritus, (R)-3-hydroxyhexan-2-one and (S)-2-hydroxyoctan-3-one were identified, (±)-3-hydroxyhexan-2-one was purchased, and (S)-2-hydroxyoctan-3-one was synthesized, and field-tested. The blend of the two components attracted both sexes of P. detritus in field bioassays. Unexpectedly, a predatory clerid beetle, Clerus mutillarius F., was also attracted by both of the synthetic compounds. Another longhorn beetle species, Xylotrechus antilope Schönh. was significantly attracted to traps baited with (S)-2-hydroxyoctan-3-one alone or the blend containing this compound. These results show that the pheromone components and combinations play key roles in longhorn beetle life history and ecology, and the community of species in which they live.(1) Background: The principal aim of our work was to identify pheromone components for Plagionotus detritus (L.) (Coleoptera: Cerambycidae), which could be exploited for developing a pheromone-based monitoring system for the complementary purposes of plant protection in areas where it might become a pest, and natural conservation in areas where it is rare or endangered. (2) Methods: Collection and analysis of headspace volatiles were carried out with field-collected beetles. Bioactive volatile compounds identified [(R)-3-hydroxyhexan-2-one and (S)-2-hydroxyoctan-3-one] from extracts of males were purchased [(±)-3-hydroxyhexan-2-one], and synthesized [(S)-2-hydroxyoctan-3-one] and field-tested. Electroantennogram assays showed that antennae of the predatory beetle Clerus mutillarius F. (Coleoptera: Cleridae) also responded to the synthetic compounds. (3) Results: A two-component aggregation-sex pheromone consisting of (R)-3-hydroxyhexan-2-one and (S)-2-hydroxyoctan-3-one was identified for P. detritus. (±)-3-hydroxyhexan-2-one and (S)-2-hydroxyoctan-3-one attracted adults of P. detritus in field bioassays. Adults of the clerid C. mutillarius also were attracted to both compounds. The cerambycid Xylotrechus antilope Schönh was significantly attracted to traps baited with (S)-2-hydroxyoctan-3-one alone or the blend containing this compound. (4) Conclusions: Our data confirmed that 3-hydroxyhexan-2-one and 2-hydroxyoctan-3-one are male-produced pheromone components for P. detritus. These results show that both intraspecific and interspecific communication may play key roles in longhorn beetle life history and ecology, with closely and more distantly related species eavesdropping on each other’s signals.