Identification of NonnativePhragmitesat Clear Creek Wildlife Management Area, Kentucky, Using Genetic Techniques

Abstract

Phragmites australis (Cav.) Trin. ex Steud. (common reed), a perennial wetland grass, has been present in the United States along both Atlantic and Pacific coasts for hundreds of years (Orson 1999, Goman and Wells 2000). Phragmites was deemed rare in the 1800s (Saltonstall 2002) and according to Ward (2010), its distribution was discontinuous in portions of the Midwest, southern Canada, and California, and sporadic along the Gulf Coast from Florida to Texas throughout the 1800s. Also, during that time it was considered absent from Virginia to Georgia inclusive, and inland portions of Alabama and Mississippi (Ward 2010). The abundance and distribution of Phragmites has dramatically increased over the last century (Ward 2010) with the most significant increases along the Atlantic coast (Saltonstall 2002). The rapid expansion was primarily due to the introduction of a European strain in the late 1700s or early 1800s via one or more coastal ports along the Atlantic Coast (Saltonstall 2002). It is highly competitive, aggressive, and virtually indist inguishable morphologically from the native strains, resulting in cryptic invasions (Carlton 1996, Saltonstall 2002) going undetected for decades in various locations around the country. The European strain's spread was likely facilitated by construction of railroads, major roadways (Saltonstall 2002), and changes to hydrologie regimes and/or nutrient availability (Saltonstall 2002, King et al. 2007). Currently, it dominates and effeetively displaees native Phragmites in