Identification of new candidate genes for retinopathy in type 2 diabetics. Valencia Study on Diabetic Retinopathy (VSDR). Report number 3

Abstract

Abstract Objective To identify genes involved in the pathogenic mechanisms of non-proliferative diabetic retinopathy (NPDR), among which include oxidative stress, extracellular matrix changes, and/or apoptosis, in order to evaluate the risk of developing this retinal disease in a type 2 diabetic (DM2) population. Material and methods A case–control study was carried out on 81 participants from the Valencia Study on Diabetic Retinopathy (VSDR) of both genders, with ages 25–85 years. They were classified into: (i) DM2 group (n = 49), with DR (+DR; n = 14) and without DR (−DR; n = 35), and (ii) control group (GC; n = 32). The protocols included a personal interview, standardized ophthalmological examination, and blood collection (to analyze the DNA for determining the gene expression (TP53, MMP9, and SLC23A2) in the study groups). Statistical analyses were performed using the SPSS v22.0 program. Results The TP53 and MMP9 genes showed a higher expression in the DM2 group compared to the GC, although the difference was only significant for the MMP9 gene (TP53: 10.40 ± 1.20 vs. 8.23 ± 1.36, p = 0.084; MMP9: 1.45 ± 0.16 vs. 0.95 ± 0.16, p = 0.036), and the SLC23A2 gene showed a significant lower expression in the DM2 vs. CG (5.58 ± 0.64 vs. 11.66 ± 1.90, p = 0.026). When sub-dividing the DM2 group according to the presence of retinopathy, the expression of the TP53, MMP9 and SLC23A2 genes showed significant differences between the DM2−RD, DM2+RD and GC groups (TP53: 9.95 ± 1.47 vs. 11.52 ± 2.05 vs. 8.23 ± 1.36, p = 0.038; MMP9: 1.47 ± 0.20 vs. 1.41 ± 0.27 vs. 0.95 ± 0.16, p = 0.021; SLC23A2: 5.61 ± 0.77 vs. 5.51 ± 1.21 vs. 11.66 ± 1.90, p = 0.018). Conclusions Genes involved in extracellular matrix integrity (MMP9) and/or apoptosis (TP53), could be considered potential markers of susceptibility to the development/progression of NPDR. Interestingly, the SLC232A2 gene (ascorbic acid transporter) can be considered a protector of the risk of the development/progression of the retinopathy.