Identification of Metal Type Prints, Recarved Woodblock Prints and Woodblock Recarving Sequences through Image Analyses: Comparisons among Six Versions of Jeungdoga Scripts

Abstract

Some books were printed using metal type and woodblocks in the Goryeo and Joseon dynasties. In some cases, there are postscripts that record the printing method, printing period, and the background that led to the printing. However, it is difficult to accurately determine the printing dates based solely on that information. When there are several versions of the same old book, it is possible to obtain evidence that can provide clues to determine the printing method and date of each version by image comparison and analysis between versions. In this study, images of six very similar versions of <i>Jeungdoga</i> Scripts (南明泉和尙頌證道歌) estimated to have been printed with metal type and woodblocks between the 13th and 16th centuries were compared and analyzed. The printing method, sequence, and date were estimated. By quantifying and comparing the inked areas of randomly selected characters and corresponding characters in identical locations of different versions, the increase in stroke thickness and printing area in recarved versions was confirmed. Deformation and engraving errors in several characters were found in later versions. Of the six versions, it was concluded that the Gongin version (空印本) was printed in early September 1239 with metal type, and is the earliest version. The other five versions were printed after being engraved with woodblocks in the following order: Banyasa Temple version (般若寺本), Daegu version (大邱本) in 1472, Samseong version (三省本), Jongno Library (鍾路圖書館本) in 1526, and th e National Central Library version (國立中央圖書館本).