Abstract
Traffic-related facilities typically have much lower metal emissions than other sources; however, they can be numerous and widespread as well. Subdividing pollution sources is necessary to assess soil contamination characteristics and identify sources according to the contamination cause. Anthropogenic contamination by metals was quantitatively determined using contamination factor (Cf) and evaluated using multivariate analysis. More than half of the concentrations for Zn, Pb, and Cu in soils were higher than that in the natural background (NB). Cf of metals was, in decreasing order, Zn > Pb = Cu > Ni = As. Zn, Pb, and Cu were identified as anthropogenic contaminants in correlation analysis. Principal component analysis showed that the two main contamination causes were coarse particles from the maintenance or crushing activities of vehicles and nonexhaust/exhaust emissions. Clusters were classified according to those two anthropogenic and lithogenic causes and included Group I (Zn, Pb, and Cu in garages, auto repair shops, and auto salvage yards), Group II (Zn, Pb, and Cu in parking lots, driving schools, and roadsides), and Group III (As and Ni with high lithogenic properties). Anthropogenic input and sources of soil contamination by metals in traffic-related facilities were appropriately estimated through the combination of Cf and multivariate analysis.
Highlights
The contamination sources were classified into auto repair shops (ARS), auto salvage yards (ASY), driving schools (DSC), garages (GAR), parking lots (PAL), and roadside (RDS) according to the use of the facility
The concentration distributions of Zn, Pb, and Cu in the soils showed a significant difference according to the contamination source, whereas the concentration distributions of As and Ni had no significant difference in all contamination sources (Tables S4 and S5)
The median values of the contaminant showed various distributions according to the contamination source: Zn 89.4 (RDS)–128.1 (DSC); Pb 19.3 (PAR)–31.4 (DSC); Cu 21.3 (PAR)–29.1 (ASY); As 2.6 (DSC)–5.2 (ASY); Ni 8.7 (RDS)–16.6 (DSC) (Table 1)
Summary
Publisher’s Note: MDPI stays neutral with regard to jurisdictional claims in published maps and institutional affiliations. Traffic-related facilities refer to places for vehicle movement and maintenance, such as roads, repair shops, and garages, where contamination may occur locally or in a wide area by many contaminants. These facilities typically have much lower emissions but can be numerous and widespread as well [1,2]. Traffic-related facilities are considered to be a source of soil contamination in SASSC and are analyzed every year by local governments, who check whether their contamination exceeds the standard limit. (ii) evaluated the level of the anthropogenic contamination effect of metals, (iii) evaluated a correlation between metals and each contamination source, and (iv) categorized the contamination sources according to the contamination causes through PCA and CA
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