Identification of Long Non-Coding RNAs and the Regulatory Network Responsive to Arbuscular Mycorrhizal Fungi Colonization in Maize Roots.

Xuewen Wang,Chen Cheng,Beijiu Cheng,Guomin Han,Yanmei Zheng,Suwen Zhu,Wei Wang,Yunjian Xu

doi:10.3390/ijms20184491

Abstract

Recently, long noncoding RNAs (lncRNAs) have emerged as vital regulators of many biological processes in animals and plants. However, to our knowledge no investigations on plant lncRNAs which respond to arbuscular mycorrhizal (AM) fungi have been reported thus far. In this study, maize roots colonized with AM fungus were analyzed by strand-specific RNA-Seq to identify AM fungi-responsive lncRNAs and construct an associated regulatory network. A total of 1837 differentially expressed protein coding genes (DEGs) were identified from maize roots with Rhizophagus irregularis inoculation. Many AM fungi-responsive genes were homologs to MtPt4, STR, STR2, MtFatM, and enriched pathways such as fatty acid biosynthesis, response to phosphate starvation, and nitrogen metabolism are consistent with previous studies. In total, 5941 lncRNAs were identified, of which more than 3000 were new. Of those, 63 lncRNAs were differentially expressed. The putative target genes of differentially expressed lncRNAs (DELs) were mainly related to phosphate ion transmembrane transport, cellular response to potassium ion starvation, and lipid catabolic processes. Regulatory network analysis showed that DELs might be involved in the regulation of bidirectional nutrient exchange between plant and AM fungi as mimicry of microRNA targets. The results of this study can broaden our knowledge on the interaction between plant and AM fungi.

Highlights

Maize (Zea mays L.) is one of the most important crops grown globally for livestock feed, food, and industrial materials [1]
Arbuscular mycorrhiza (AM) fungi and rhizobia can form a symbiotic association with plants
Rhizobia mainly form a symbiotic association with legumes, while arbuscular mycorrhizal (AM) fungi have widespread symbiosis with land plant species [10,11]

Summary

Introduction

Maize (Zea mays L.) is one of the most important crops grown globally for livestock feed, food, and industrial materials [1]. In addition to chemical fertilizers, agriculturally beneficial microorganisms may contribute directly or indirectly to crop improvement, increasing fertilizer efficiency [8,9]. Arbuscular mycorrhiza (AM) fungi and rhizobia can form a symbiotic association with plants. Rhizobia mainly form a symbiotic association with legumes, while AM fungi (subphylum Glomeromycotina) have widespread symbiosis with land plant species [10,11]. During the AM symbiosis, AM fungi can transfer absorbed nutrients, e.g., 100% phosphorus and 80% nitrogen, to their host plants in exchange for carbohydrates [12]. Both host plants and AM fungi grow better in symbiosis than independently

Methods

Results

Conclusion