Abstract
A previous genome-wide association study (GWAS) exposed histone deacetylase 2 (HDAC2) as a possible candidate gene for breast muscle weight in chickens. The present research has examined the possible role of HDAC2 in skeletal muscle development in chickens. Gene expression was measured by quantitative polymerase chain reaction in breast and thigh muscles during both embryonic (four ages) and post-hatch (five ages) development and in cultures of primary myoblasts during both proliferation and differentiation. The expression of HDAC2 increased significantly across embryonic days (ED) in breast (ED 14, 16, 18, and 21) and thigh (ED 14 and 18, and ED 14 and 21) muscles suggesting that it possibly plays a role in myoblast hyperplasia in both breast and thigh muscles. Transcript abundance of HDAC2 identified significantly higher in fast growing muscle than slow growing in chickens at d 90 of age. Expression of HDAC2 during myoblast proliferation in vitro declined between 24 h and 48 h when expression of the marker gene paired box 7 (PAX7) increased and cell numbers increased throughout 72 h of culture. During induced differentiation of myoblasts to myotubes, the abundance of HDAC2 and the marker gene myogenic differentiation 1 (MYOD1), both increased significantly. Taken together, it is suggested that HDAC2 is most likely involved in a suppressive fashion in myoblast proliferation and may play a positive role in myoblast differentiation. The present results confirm the suggestion that HDAC2 is a functional gene for pre-hatch and post-hatch (fast growing muscle) development of chicken skeletal muscle.
Highlights
Muscle growth follows a distinct two-stage process, hyperplasia and hypertrophy, which is similar in mammals and poultry (Rehfeldt et al, 2011)
Because myoblast hyperplasia continues across these embryonic stages and finishes at the time of hatch, a well defined process in chickens, these results suggest that histone deacetylase 2 (HDAC2) possibly plays a role in myoblast hyperplasia in breast and thigh muscles
Into the multinucleated myotubes over time was reflected in The up-regulation of HDAC2 during myoblast the comparatively long linear arrays of nuclei (Figure 4A). differentiation in the current study suggests its having a Increases in the relative abundance of HDAC2 and MYOD1, positive role during hyperplasia when muscle development most obvious from 24 to 72 h followed by apparent consists mainly of the formation of multinucleated decreases were very similar (Figure 4D)
Summary
Muscle growth follows a distinct two-stage process, hyperplasia and hypertrophy, which is similar in mammals and poultry (Rehfeldt et al, 2011). (Brunmeir et al, 2009) and control of cell growth, differentiation, and development of skeletal muscle Preparation and culture of chicken primary myoblasts (McKinsey et al, 2001). Digestion was repeated a second (MRF4) genes, are sequentially expressed during time with 2 volumes of PBS containing 0.25% trypsin and myogenesis where MYOD is required for inducing 0.04% ethylenediaminetetraacetic acid for 15 min at 37°C. differentiation and formation of muscle fibers (Rehfeldt et al, 2011). Differentiation and formation of muscle fibers (Rehfeldt et al, 2011) In addition to these MRFs, two myogenic inducers, paired box 3 (PAX3) and 7 (PAX7), play a vital role in skeletal muscle development (Lamey et al, 2004); PAX7 serves as a marker of muscle precursor cells during myogenesis (Halevy et al, 2004). Cells were seeded at about 1.5×106/well in 6-well plates and 104/well
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