Abstract
The role of sodium in hypertension remains unresolved. Although genetic factors have a significant impact on high blood pressure, studies comparing genetic susceptibility between people with low and high sodium diets are lacking. We aimed to investigate the genetic variations related to hypertension according to sodium intake habits in a large Korean population-based study. Data for a total of 57,363 participants in the Korean Genome and Epidemiology Study Health Examination were analyzed. Sodium intake was measured by a semi-quantitative food frequency questionnaire. We classified participants according to sodium intake being less than or greater than 2 g/day. We used logistic regression to test single-marker variants for genetic association with a diagnosis of hypertension, adjusting for age, sex, body mass index, exercise, alcohol, smoking, potassium intake, principal components 1, and principal components 2. Significant associations were defined as p < 5 × 10−8. In participants whose sodium intake was greater than 2 g/day, chromosome 6 open reading frame 10 (C6orf10)-human leukocyte antigen (HLA)-DQB1 rs6913309, ring finger protein (RNF)213 rs112735431, glycosylphosphatidylinositol anchored molecule-like (GML)- cytochrome P450 family 11 subfamily B member 1(CYP11B1) rs3819496, myosin light chain 2 (MYL2)-cut like homeobox 2 (CUX2) rs12229654, and jagged1 (JAG1) rs1887320 were significantly associated with hypertension. In participants whose intake was less than 2 g/day, echinoderm microtubule-associated protein-like 6(EML6) rs67617923 was significantly associated with hypertension. Genetic susceptibility associated with hypertension differed according to sodium intake. Identifying gene variants that contribute to the dependence of hypertension on sodium intake status could make possible more individualized nutritional recommendations for preventing cardiovascular diseases.
Highlights
Sodium is the most important electrolyte for maintaining extracellular fluid volume and regulating cellular membrane potential [1]
The proportion of men was significantly higher among participants with sodium intake ≥2 g/day
B Member 1(CYP11B1), myosin light chain 2 (MYL2), cut like homeobox 2 (CUX2), and were significantly associated with hypertension in participants whose sodium intake was greater than jagged1(JAG1) were significantly associated with hypertension in participants whose sodium intake
Summary
Sodium is the most important electrolyte for maintaining extracellular fluid volume and regulating cellular membrane potential [1]. Hypertension has been the most important global risk factor for all-cause mortality and for cardiovascular mortality [2]. Many studies have demonstrated the association of sodium consumption with hypertension and risk of cardiovascular diseases (CVD) [3,4,5]. Under normal physiological adaptation to sodium intake, the pressure natriuresis curve is regulated by the renin–angiotensin system and renal sympathetic nerve activity [7]. Increased sodium intake suppressed angiotensin II and led to pressure natriuresis cure shifting, which increased renal sodium excretion [7]. Both epithelial sodium transporter and aldosterone level are involved in adapting the dietary sodium intake. The levels of natriuretic peptides could be affected by excessive sodium intake, decreased potassium and magnesium intake, and metabolic diseases such as obesity [10,11,12]
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