Identification of Foliar Disease Regions on Corn Leaves Using SLIC Segmentation and Deep Learning Under Uniform Background and Field Conditions

Abstract

Plant diseases lead to severe losses in crop yield worldwide. The conventional approach for diagnosing diseases relies on manual scouting. In recent years, advances in convolutional neural networks have motivated the use of deep learning-based computer vision for automatically identifying plant diseases. Although image classification techniques are commonly used for analyzing agricultural data, their use for accurately identifying diseased regions corresponding to different disease types on individual plant leaves is limited. In this study, Simple Linear Iterative Clustering (SLIC) segmentation was used on corn leaf images from the PlantVillage and CD&S datasets to create super-pixels, a cluster of pixels representing a region of interest on a corn leaf. The VGG16, ResNet50, DenseNet121, Xception, and InceptionV3, pre-trained deep learning models were utilized to identify diseased regions corresponding to five super-pixel classes (healthy, northern leaf blight (NLB), gray leaf spot (GLS), common rust, and background) for the PlantVillage dataset and four super-pixel classes (NLB, GLS, northern leaf spot, and background) for the CD&S dataset, on corn leaves. After setting the spatial proximity value (sigma) for SLIC segmentation to five, a total of 100 models were trained by using different numbers of segments per image (five and fifteen) in the SLIC algorithm for both datasets and choosing training: testing split ratios of 90:10, 80:20, 70:30, 60:40, and 50:50 for each of the five models. The highest overall testing accuracy of 97.77% was observed after training the DenseNet121 model to identify super-pixels created from the CD&S dataset, belonging to the four classes created using a sigma value of five, five segments per image, and an 80:20 training: testing split ratio. Web and mobile applications were developed to identify diseased regions on corn leaves using the best deep learning model as the classifier. The results suggest that SLIC segmentation on corn leaf images helps accurately identify diseased regions. This research demonstrates the potential of image-based scouting as an efficient alternative to manual scouting for disease monitoring.