Abstract
Hodgkin lymphoma (HL) is a lymphoproliferative malignancy of B-cell origin that accounts for 10% of all lymphomas. Despite evidence suggesting strong familial clustering of HL, there is no clear understanding of the contribution of genes predisposing to HL. In this study, whole genome sequencing (WGS) was performed on 7 affected and 9 unaffected family members from three HL-prone families and variants were prioritized using our Familial Cancer Variant Prioritization Pipeline (FCVPPv2). WGS identified a total of 98,564, 170,550, and 113,654 variants which were reduced by pedigree-based filtering to 18,158, 465, and 26,465 in families I, II, and III, respectively. In addition to variants affecting amino acid sequences, variants in promoters, enhancers, transcription factors binding sites, and microRNA seed sequences were identified from upstream, downstream, 5′ and 3′ untranslated regions. A panel of 565 cancer predisposing and other cancer-related genes and of 2,383 potential candidate HL genes were also screened in these families to aid further prioritization. Pathway analysis of segregating genes with Combined Annotation Dependent Depletion Tool (CADD) scores >20 was performed using Ingenuity Pathway Analysis software which implicated several candidate genes in pathways involved in B-cell activation and proliferation and in the network of “Cancer, Hematological disease and Immunological Disease.” We used the FCVPPv2 for further in silico analyses and prioritized 45 coding and 79 non-coding variants from the three families. Further literature-based analysis allowed us to constrict this list to one rare germline variant each in families I and II and two in family III. Functional studies were conducted on the candidate from family I in a previous study, resulting in the identification and functional validation of a novel heterozygous missense variant in the tumor suppressor gene DICER1 as potential HL predisposition factor. We aim to identify the individual genes responsible for predisposition in the remaining two families and will functionally validate these in further studies.
Highlights
Hodgkin lymphoma (HL) is a lymphoproliferative malignancy originated in germinal center B-cells and is reported to account for about 10% of newly diagnosed lymphomas and 1% of all de novo neoplasms worldwide with an incidence of about 3 cases per 100,000 people in Western countries (Diehl et al, 2004)
Based on differences in the morphology and phenotype of the lymphoma cells and the composition of the cellular infiltrate, HL is subdivided into classical Hodgkin lymphoma that accounts for about 95% of cases and nodular lymphocytepredominant Hodgkin lymphoma (NLPHL) that accounts for the remaining 5% of cases (Kuppers, 2009)
The identification of major predisposing genes is a more daunting task, rare germline variants in KLDHC8B, NPAT, ACAN, KDR, DICER1, and POT1 gene have been reported by different groups in high-risk HL families (Salipante et al, 2009; Saarinen et al, 2011; Ristolainen et al, 2015; Rotunno et al, 2016; Bandapalli et al, 2018; Mcmaster et al, 2018)
Summary
Hodgkin lymphoma (HL) is a lymphoproliferative malignancy originated in germinal center B-cells and is reported to account for about 10% of newly diagnosed lymphomas and 1% of all de novo neoplasms worldwide with an incidence of about 3 cases per 100,000 people in Western countries (Diehl et al, 2004). It is one of the most common tumors in young adults in economically developed countries, with one peak of incidence in the third decade of life and a second peak after 50 years of age. The identification of major predisposing genes is a more daunting task, rare germline variants in KLDHC8B, NPAT, ACAN, KDR, DICER1, and POT1 gene have been reported by different groups in high-risk HL families (Salipante et al, 2009; Saarinen et al, 2011; Ristolainen et al, 2015; Rotunno et al, 2016; Bandapalli et al, 2018; Mcmaster et al, 2018)
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