Abstract
Data on polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) in ambient air accessed at selected locations in the vicinity of the industrial zone of the city of Novi Sad, Serbia, have been presented and analyzed in order to determine seasonal and spatial variations and to identify emission sources of particle-bound PAHs. Previous studies have demonstrated that the major contributors of PAHs in urban areas are the emissions from vehicle exhaust, and emissions releases from industrial processes like aluminium production, creosote and wood preservation, waste incineration, cement manufacture, petrochemical and related industries, commercial heat/power production etc. The sampling campaigns have been conducted at three sampling sites, during the two 14-day periods. The first site was situated near industrial area, with a refinery, power plant and heavy-traffic road in the vicinity. The second site was located nearby the heavy traffic area, especially busy during the rush hour. The third site was residential district. Summer sampling period lasted from June 26th to July 10th 2008, while sampling of ambient air during the winter was undertaken from January 22nd to February 5th 2009. Eighty-four (84) air samples were collected using a high volume air sampler TCR Tecora H0649010/ECHO. 16 US EPA polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons were determined in all samples using a gas chromatographer with a mass spectrometer as a detector (Shimatzu MDGC/GCMS-2010). The total average concentrations of PAHs ranged from 1.21 to 1.77 ng/m3 during the summer period and from 6.31 to 7.25 ng/m3 in the winter. Various techniques, including diagnostic ratio (DR) and principal component analysis (PCA), have been used to define and evaluate potential emission sources of PAHs. Diagnostic ratio analysis indicated that vehicles, diesel or/and gasoline, industrial and combustion emissions were sources of PAHs in the vicinity of the industrial zone. Additionally, principal component analysis was used to constrain the potential sources. The results showed that vehicles are the predominant source of particle-bound PAHs during the whole year, and stationary sources (thermal power and heating plant, oil refinery, individual furnaces) during the winter period.
Highlights
Environmental Protection Agency, EPA) definisala je 16 prioritetnih jedinjenja iz grupe polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) koji se najčešće detektuju u uzorcima zemljišta, vazduha i vode, kao osnovnih medija životne sredine [6]
Novi Sad je industrijski centar sa rafinerijom nafte, prehrambenom i hemijskom industrijom i termoelektranom-toplanom, kao i proizvodnjom cementa na udaljenosti od oko 20 km od centralne gradske zone, u naselju Beočin
Seasonal and spatial variations of PAHs classified according to IARC criteria for carcinogen status polutanata u atmosferskim česticama, iako 4 puta viši od preporučene vrednosti, znatno niži od koncentracija detektovanih u Pekingu, 789 ng/m3 [31], Čikagu, 423 ng/m3 [32], Rimu, 270 ng/m3 [33], Pratou, 59,4 ng/m3 [34], Heraklionu, 56,6 ng/m3 [35], Fudžiju, 45,6 ng/m3 [26], Izmiru, 35,4 ng/m3 [36] i Atini, 17,6 ng/m3 [37]
Summary
Jedinjenja iz grupe PAH se u ambijentalnom vazduhu nalaze u čestičnoj frakciji, sorbovani na suspendovane čestice, i gasnoj frakciji, kao slobodna gasovita jedinjenja. Agencija za zaštitu životne sredine (eng. Environmental Protection Agency, EPA) definisala je 16 prioritetnih jedinjenja iz grupe PAH koji se najčešće detektuju u uzorcima zemljišta, vazduha i vode, kao osnovnih medija životne sredine [6]. Stoga je ispitivanje nivoa koncentracija i izvora emisije PAH, kontrola kvaliteta vazduha na regionalnom i globalnom nivou i sprovođenje odgovarajućih mera smanjenja humane ekspozicije kontaminiranom vazduhu izuzetno značajno. Nivoi koncentracija u vazduhu 16 prioritetnih PAH u gasovitoj i čestičnoj frakciji kvantifikovani su na teritoriji Novog Sada, Pančeva i Kragujevca tokom kampanje uzorkovanja u junu/julu 2004. Radi identifikacije potencijalnih izvora emisije čestične frakcije PAH u neposrednoj blizini industrijske zone grada, u okviru istraživanja su eksperimentalno određeni nivoi koncentracija čestične frakcije 16 EPA PAH na tri odabrana lokaliteta. Rezultati su analizirani primenom metode dijagnostičkih odnosa i statističke tehnike analize glavnih komponenti
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