Abstract
BackgroundGrapevine (Vitis vinifera) productivity has been severely affected by various bacterial, viral and fungal diseases worldwide. When a plant is infected with the pathogen, various defense mechanisms are subsequently activated in plants at various molecular levels. Thus, for substantiating the disease control in an eco-friendly way, it is essential to understand the molecular mechanisms governing pathogen resistance in grapes.ResultsIn our study, we performed genome-wide identification of various defensive genes expressed during powdery mildew (PM) and downy mildew (DM) infections in grapevine. Consequently, we identified 6, 21, 2, 5, 3 and 48 genes of Enhanced Disease Susceptibility 1 (EDS1), Non-Race-specific Disease Resistance (NDR1), Phytoalexin deficient 4 (PAD4), Nonexpressor of PR Gene (NPR), Required for Mla-specified resistance (RAR) and Pathogenesis Related (PR), respectively, in the grapevine genome. The phylogenetic study revealed that V. vinifera defensive genes are evolutionarily related to Arabidopsis thaliana. Differential expression analysis resulted in identification of 2, 4, 7, 2, 4, 1 and 7 differentially expressed Nucleotide-binding leucine rich repeat receptor (NLR), EDS1, NDR1, PAD4, NPR, RAR1 and PR respectively against PM infections and 28, 2, 5, 4, 1 and 19 differentially expressed NLR, EDS1, NDR1, NPR, RAR1 and PR respectively against DM infections in V. vinifera. The co-expression study showed the occurrence of closely correlated defensive genes that were expressed during PM and DM stress conditions.ConclusionThe PM and DM responsive defensive genes found in this study can be characterized in future for impelling studies relaying fungal and oomycete resistance in plants, and the functionally validated genes would then be available for conducting in-planta transgenic gene expression studies for grapes.
Highlights
Grapevine (Vitis vinifera) productivity has been severely affected by various bacterial, viral and fungal diseases worldwide
As majority of the cultivated varieties belong to Vitis vinifera, which is susceptible to both Powdery mildew (PM) and DM, it is vital to understand the molecular processes involved in grapevine resistance to powdery and downy mildew infection in order to manage these diseases in an eco-friendly manner
Genome-wide identification of various defense-responsive gene families in Vitis vinifera The genome-wide identification of various classes of defensive genes in V. vinifera, namely Enhanced Disease Susceptibility 1 (EDS1), Non-Race-specific Disease Resistance (NDR1), Phytoalexin deficient 4 (PAD4), Nonexpressor of Pathogenesis Related (PR) Gene (NPR), Required for Mlaspecified Resistance (RAR1) and PR in was conducted by running standalone BLASTP between protein coding sequences of V. vinifera and defensive gene families
Summary
Grapevine (Vitis vinifera) productivity has been severely affected by various bacterial, viral and fungal diseases worldwide. Once the emergence of PM and DM infections establishes in grapes, under optimal environmental conditions, the conidiospores of Erysiphe necator and Plasmopara viticola germinate on the grapevine leaf surface This resulted in initial association of pathogenassociated molecular patterns (PAMPs) and grapevine defense molecules known as pattern recognition receptors (PRRs), thereby activating the first defense layer i.e. Pathogen-triggered immunity (PTI) [2]. Due to evolution, certain pathogenic isolates have adapted to producing effector proteins in response, that are delivered within the cell, the PTI gets suppressed [3, 4] During that time, another defense mechanism known as effector-triggered immunity (ETI) is activated in plants that triggers the expression of intracellular resistance (R) proteins often leading to apoptosis of the infected cell, blocking any further pathogenic proliferation [5,6,7,8,9]
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