Identification of cell cycle-associated and -unassociated regulators for expression of a hepatocellular carcinoma oncogene cyclin-dependent kinase inhibitor 3

Abstract

Human cyclin-dependent kinase inhibitor 3 (CDKN3) is a known oncogene in hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) and its expression is promoted during tumor development. CDKN3 serves as a cell cycle regulator and its dysregulation is considered to be a causal factor for tumor progression. However, the molecular basis of the regulation of CDKN3 expression remains largely elusive. Using in silico approach, we identified CDKN3SE, a super enhancer (SE), and enhancer RNA (eRNA) candidates transcribed from this SE. Among the eRNA candidates, the expression of CDKN3eRNA was detected in the human HCC model cell line HepG2, and was found to facilitate the expression of CDKN3 without affecting the cell proliferation rate. In silico screening revealed two DNA-binding transcription factors, upstream stimulatory factor (USF) 1 and 2, involved in the regulation of CDKN3eRNA expression on CDKN3SE. A knock-down of USF1/USF2 expression in the HepG2 cells did not affect CDKN3eRNA expression, while the expression of CDKN3 was down-regulated. In a USF2 dominant negative HepG2 cell line generated by genome editing, a drastically altered cell shape and lowered cell proliferation rate were found; however, the expression of CDKN3eRNA appeared unaffected. Thus, the present study illustrated two regulators for CDKN3 expression: USF2, as a cell cycle-associated protein regulator, and CDKN3eRNA, as a cell cycle-unassociated RNA regulator.