Abstract

Ciguatera fish poisoning (CFP) is a type of food poisoning caused by the consumption of a variety of toxic ciguatera fish species in the tropical and subtropical waters. Although there have been a large number of suspected CFP cases in the Southeast Asian countries, few were confirmed with causative ciguatoxins (CTXs), and reliable information on the symptoms still remains rather limited. In the present study, CTXs in red snapper Lutjanus bohar, implicated in two suspected CFP cases in Vietnam in 2014 and 2016, were determined by use of the single-quadrupole selected ion monitoring (SIM) liquid chromatography/mass spectrometry (LC/MS). Ciguatoxin-1B (CTX-1B), 54-deoxyCTX-1B, and 52-epi-54-deoxyCTX-1B were detected in the red snapper by our LC/MS method. Moreover, CTX-1B, 54-deoxyCTX-1B, and 52-epi-54-deoxyCTX-1B were further identified by the time of flight (TOF) LC/MS with the exact mass spectrum. The CTX profile of the red snapper in Vietnam is similar to those of ciguatera fish from Australia, Okinawa Islands in Japan, Kiribati, and Hong Kong. This is the first comprehensive report unambiguously identifying the causative toxins in fish implicated with reliable information on the poisoning symptoms in CFP in Vietnam and/or Southeast Asian countries.

Highlights

  • Ciguatera fish poisoning (CFP) is a type of seafood poisoning caused by the consumption of tropical and subtropical fish whose flesh is contaminated with lipophilic polyether ciguatoxin (CTX)and its analogues

  • It is reported that neurological symptoms predominate in CFP cases in the Pacific Ocean, while gastrointestinal symptoms are the dominant feature in the Caribbean Ocean [2,3]

  • Symptoms reported in the patients in putative CFP cases in Vietnam were neurological, and coincided with typical symptoms reported from the Pacific Ocean

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Summary

Introduction

Ciguatera fish poisoning (CFP) is a type of seafood poisoning caused by the consumption of tropical and subtropical fish whose flesh is contaminated with lipophilic polyether ciguatoxin (CTX)and its analogues. Ciguatera fish poisoning (CFP) is a type of seafood poisoning caused by the consumption of tropical and subtropical fish whose flesh is contaminated with lipophilic polyether ciguatoxin (CTX). CFP symptoms include neurological (e.g., tingling, itching, a disorder of temperature sensation), Toxins 2018, 10, 420; doi:10.3390/toxins10100420 www.mdpi.com/journal/toxins. Toxins 2018, 10, 420 gastrointestinal (e.g., vomiting, diarrhea, nausea), and cardiovascular (e.g., hypotension, bradycardia) disorders in humans, which may last up to one month or more [1,2,3]. Ciguatoxins (CTXs) were first reported to be produced by a certain strain of the dinoflagellate Gambierdiscus toxicus [4,5,6]. Recent research has shown that G. polynesiensis and G. excentricus are primary toxin-producing species [7,8,9]. CTXs are accumulated in various kinds of reef fish and marine invertebrates [10,11,12]

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