Abstract

Objective: There are studies that show different associations between metabolic syndrome (MS) and cardiovascular disease in adolescent. This study is aimed to identify probable cardio-vascular risk factors in obese adolescents with MS.Methods: Sixty-five obese adolescents with a body mass index (BMI) > 95 percentile were enrolled and divided into two groups with MS or without MS. Left ventricular mass (LVM), left ventricular mass index, ejection fraction, epicardial fat thickness, visceral fat thickness (VFT) and carotid intima-media thickness were measured. Anthropometric and blood chemistry parameters were estimated. Above parameters were compared based on presence or absence of MS.Results: The prevalence of MS was 23.1% in obese adolescents. LVM showed significant correlation with body mass index (BMI), hip circumference (HC), fat mass, total cholesterol (TC), LDL-cholesterol (LDL-C) and waist circumference (WC). VFT significantly correlated with WC, BMI, hip circumflex (HC), obesity index (OI), fat %, fat mass, insulin, TC, LDL-C, insulin, triglyceride (TG), glucose, homeostatic model assessment for insulin resistance (HOMA-IR) and leptin.Conclusions: Screening for the MS in overweight adolescents may help to predict risk of future cardiovascular disease. These data suggest that LVMI and VFT are significant parameters for predicting cardiovascular disease risk in obese adolescents.

Highlights

  • The prevalence of adolescent metabolic syndrome (MS) has increased substantially due to lack of physical activity, unhealthy diet and lifestyle, and incomplete sleep due to presence of electrical devices.there was no definition of adolescent MS until now, and most definitions have been adapted from the Adult Treatment Panel III (ATP III) definition, published by Cook et al [1]

  • There was no definition of adolescent MS until now, and most definitions have been adapted from the Adult Treatment Panel III (ATP III) definition, published by Cook et al [1]

  • The International Diabetes Federation (IDF) released its unique definition of MS in children and adolescents in 2007 (i.e., IDF 2007 definition), at the age of 10 yr and more, MS requires the presence of abdominal obesity (≥90th percentile) plus, the presence of two or more of elevated triglycerides (TG) (≥150 mg/dL), low high-density lipo-protein-cholesterol (HDL-C) (

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Summary

Introduction

The prevalence of adolescent metabolic syndrome (MS) has increased substantially due to lack of physical activity, unhealthy diet and lifestyle, and incomplete sleep due to presence of electrical devices.there was no definition of adolescent MS until now, and most definitions have been adapted from the Adult Treatment Panel III (ATP III) definition, published by Cook et al [1]. Visceral fat and insulin resistance are key factors of MS development [3]. The visceral fat accumulation is associated with vascular atherosclerosis and cardiovascular outcome after all [4]. These consequences are from pro-inflammatory cytokines originated from visceral fat tissue [5]. Epicardial fat around heart interacts with myocardium and coronary arteries through cytokines [6]. It has been postulated that obesity dysregulates blood adipokine levels, may induce insulin resistance, and influence the development of MS and vascular complications [8]

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