Identification of candidates for PFO closure in the echocardiography laboratory.

Abstract

A patent foramen ovale (PFO) is implicated in several pathologic processes, including that of cryptogenic stroke (cCVA). Recent trials identify "high-risk" PFOs in patients with cCVA as likely to benefit from percutaneous closure. The younger the patient (<60years old) the more likely a PFO may be attributable to the cCVA. The RoPE Score index helps determine the likelihood that an existing PFO is related to a cCVA. This may help guide the clinician and patient when contemplating percutaneous PFO closure. When evaluating a patient for possible percutaneous closure, one should identify the CVA as a typical ischemic type stroke. In order to "rule-out" other causes of CVA, imaging of the intracranial arteries, cervical, and aortic arch vessels should be performed. Small vessel disease or a lacunar-type infarct should be excluded. To rule out atrial fibrillation, prolonged monitoring should be performed. An index has been developed to determine the probability that a PFO is the causative etiology and calculates the risk of recurrence. This may help guide the clinician and patient in the decision for PFO closure. In addition, one should consider a work-up for a hypercoagulable state. We will obtain an ultrasound of the lower extremities or consider deep pelvic vein thrombosis (prolonged sitting or malignancy). If the closure is to be performed, the Food and Drug Administration (FDA) has approved the Amplatzer PFO Occluder and the GORE Cardioform Septal Occluder for percutaneous closure. These devices are both approved in patients predominately between ages 18 and 60years with a cCVA due to presumed paradoxical embolism as verified by a neurologist and cardiologist and when other causes of ischemic CVA have been excluded. "High-risk" PFOs appear to achieve the most potential benefit from percutaneous closure.