Abstract
BackgroundMaize (Zea mays L.) is one of the main agricultural crops with the largest yield and acreage in the world. However, maize germplasm is very sensitive to low temperatures, mainly during germination, and low temperatures significantly affect plant growth and crop yield. Therefore, the identification of genes capable of increasing tolerance to low temperature has become necessary.ResultsIn this study, fourteen phenotypic traits related to seed germination were used to assess the genetic diversity of maize through genome-wide association study (GWAS). A total of 30 single-nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) linked to low-temperature tolerance were detected (−log10(P) > 4), fourteen candidate genes were found to be directly related to the SNPs, further additional 68 genes were identified when the screen was extended to include a linkage disequilibrium (LD) decay distance of r2 ≥ 0.2 from the SNPs. RNA-sequencing (RNA-seq) analysis was then used to confirm the linkage between the candidate gene and low-temperature tolerance. A total of ten differentially expressed genes (DEGs) (|log2 fold change (FC)| ≥ 0.585, P < 0.05) were found within the set distance of LD decay (r2 ≥ 0.2). Among these genes, the expression of six DEGs was verified using qRT-PCR. Zm00001d039219 and Zm00001d034319 were putatively involved in ‘mitogen activated protein kinase (MAPK) signal transduction’ and ‘fatty acid metabolic process’, respectively, based on Gene Ontology (GO) and Kyoto Encyclopedia of Genes and Genomes (KEGG) enrichment analyses. Thus, these genes appeared to be related to low-temperature signal transduction and cell membrane fluidity.ConclusionOverall, by integrating the results of our GWAS and DEG analysis of low-temperature tolerance during germination in maize, we were able to identify a total of 30 SNPs and 82 related candidate genes, including 10 DEGs, two of which were involved in the response to tolerance to low temperature. Functional analysis will provide valuable information for understanding the genetic mechanism of low-temperature tolerance during germination in maize.
Highlights
Maize (Zea mays L.) is one of the main agricultural crops with the largest yield and acreage in the world
For most of the traits, considerable phenotypic variation was detected among the lines, with medians that ranged from 0.089 to 0.788
The relative germ length (RGL), relative radicle length (RRL), relative radicle surface area (RRSA), and relative radicle volume (RRV) of several inbred lines were larger than 1.000, suggesting that the germ and radicle growth of these inbred lines was stimulated by low-temperature treatment
Summary
Maize (Zea mays L.) is one of the main agricultural crops with the largest yield and acreage in the world. Maize germplasm is very sensitive to low temperatures, mainly during germination, and low temperatures significantly affect plant growth and crop yield. Maize (Zea mays L.) originated from tropical and subtropical regions and has a relatively high temperature threshold for germination [1]. Maize is inherently sensitive to low temperatures [2], during germination, and is seldom cultivated at higher latitudes or in mountainous regions. When the temperature drops to 6 to 8 °C, irreversible damage to cells and tissues occurs. Under these conditions, seeds normally will not germinate, and the growth of seedlings will stop [1]. It is urgent to identify the gene(s) that provide low-temperaturetolerant germination in maize
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