Abstract
Glycation, the nonenzymatic reaction between proteins and excess blood sugar, is implicated in multiple disorders and occurs via the formation and accumulation of advanced glycation end products (AGEs). In our previous studies, we demonstrated that the red-leaf variant of the Persicaria hydropiper sprout (Japanese red water pepper, Benitade) is one of the potent plants that inhibit formation of AGEs. In this study, we aimed to identify antiglycative compounds in Benitade. Benitade extracts were prepared with hot water, then fractionated by using high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC). The antiglycative efficacy of each fraction was evaluated by measuring the formation of fluorescent AGEs (Ex 370 nm/Em 440 nm). Two fractions, which contained peaks at 26.4 min and 31.8 min, showed potent antiglycative efficacy. When we hydrolyzed these peaks, they shifted to 32.5 and 41.4 min, which are the same retention times as cyanidin and quercetin, respectively. Based on thin-layer chromatography, both compounds contained galactose. Finally, ultrahigh-performance liquid chromatography/quadrupole-time of flight mass spectrometry (UHPLC-QqTOF-MS) analyses were performed to determine the structure of those compounds. Overall, we identified two glycosides, cyanidin 3-O-galactoside (idaein) and quercetin 3-O-galactoside (hyperin), as representative antiglycative compounds in Benitade.
Highlights
In mammals, high blood glucose is the leading cause of glycation, the nonenzymatic reaction between proteins and a reducing agent, and it forms advanced glycation end products (AGEs)
We investigated the antiglycative effect of 73 kinds of plants with the human serum albumin (HSA) glycation model and type I collagen and type II collagen glycation models [25], and we demonstrated that the red leaf variant of the Persicaria hydropiper
To investigate the solubility of the Benitade compounds effective against glycation, we used two different kinds of solvent, i.e., water and 70% (v/v) ethanol (EtOH)
Summary
High blood glucose is the leading cause of glycation, the nonenzymatic reaction between proteins and a reducing agent, and it forms advanced glycation end products (AGEs). Fluorescent AGEs (Ex 370/Em 440 nm) were increased in the blood, urine [15], and dura mater [16] of diabetic patients Based on these clinical data, many research groups have used the amount of fluorescent AGEs (Ex 370/Em 440 nm) to examine the efficacy of inhibiting glycation reaction [17,18,19]. We have used over 500 kinds of plants to examine their efficacies against the formation of fluorescent AGEs (antiglycative effect) using in vitro glycation models, by which glucose is tested with one of the most abundant blood proteins: human serum albumin (HSA) [20,21,22,23,24]. We aimed at identifying the effective antiglycative compounds in Benitade
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