Abstract
Noni (Morinda citrifolia L.) fruit juice has been used in Polynesia as a traditional folk medicine and is very popular worldwide as a functional food supplement. In this study, compounds present in Hawaiian Noni fruit juice, with anti-inflammatory activity in lipopolysaccharide (LPS)-stimulated RAW 264.7 cells were identified. Five compounds were isolated using a bioassay-driven technique and phytochemical analysis of noni fruit juice: asperulosidic acid (1), rutin (2), nonioside A (3), (2E,4E,7Z)-deca-2,4,7-trienoate-2-O-β-d-glucopyranosyl-β-d-glucopyranoside (4), and tricetin (5). The structures of these five compounds were determined via NMR spectroscopy and LC/MS. In an anti-inflammatory assay, compounds 1–5 inhibited the production of nitric oxide (NO), which is a proinflammatory mediator, in LPS-stimulated macrophages. Moreover, the mechanisms underlying the anti-inflammatory effects of compounds 1–5 were investigated. Parallel to the inhibition of NO production, treatment with compounds 1–5 downregulated the expression of IKKα/β, I-κBα, and NF-κB p65 in LPS-stimulated macrophages. Furthermore, treatment with compounds 1–5 downregulated the expression of nitric oxide synthase and cyclooxygenase-2. Thus, these data demonstrated that compounds 1–5 present in noni fruit juice, exhibited potential anti-inflammatory activity; these active compounds may contribute preventively and therapeutically against inflammatory diseases.
Highlights
Noni is the Hawaiian name given to Morinda citrifolia Linn. (Family: Rubiaceae), known as beach mulberry or cheese fruit [1]
The phytotherapeutic applications of noni fruit juice have been mentioned in folklore, and the juice has been successfully used as per traditional systems of medicine to treat a broad range of leading diseases
We demonstrated that compounds 1–5, present in noni fruit juice, inhibited the LPS-induced inflammatory response in RAW 264.7 macrophages
Summary
Noni is the Hawaiian name given to Morinda citrifolia Linn. (Family: Rubiaceae), known as beach mulberry or cheese fruit [1]. Inhibition of inhibition of NF-κB signaling therapeutic has potential therapeuticinapplications in cancer anddiseases inflammatory signaling has potential applications cancer and inflammatory [8] III/IVwith invasive who consumed homemade noni homemade noni fruittheir juicebody regained their body after 4This weeks [10] This encouraged fruit juice regained weight after. 2001, clinical studies havestudies been carried out Years, they were unableany to publish any data the supporting relevance. PresentInstudy was undertaken to isolate and undertaken identify inflammatory inhibitors inflammatory present in noni fruit juice usingFive a bioassay-guided. We report theLC/MS isolation and structure of and structure characterization these isolates found in noni fruit juice, well as underlying their antithese isolates found in noni fruit of juice, as well as their anti-inflammatory effectsasand basic inflammatory mechanism of effects action. We report theLC/MS isolation and structure of and structure characterization these isolates found in noni fruit juice, well as underlying their antithese isolates found in noni fruit of juice, as well as their anti-inflammatory effectsasand basic inflammatory mechanism of effects action. and basic underlying mechanism of action
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